07/03/2020

Overview

Goals

  • Learn the basics of the R programming language
  • Learn the basics of Markdown writing
  • Learn how to combine R code and markdown text to create RMarkdown documents

Outcomes

  • TBD
  • Create RMarkdown summary document of things we learned today!

Don’t worry

R & R Studio Recap

R Studio Recap

Console and script panes in RStudio


  • Console: Run code, see print outs, see warnings, messages, and errors


  • Source: Run code from a script. Multiple scripts can be open at once.

Markdown

What is “Markdown?”

R Markdown

What is R Markdown?

https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/
  • Integrate R code directly into your writing using basic Markdown syntax
  • Reference management integration
  • Reproducibility
  • Accessible learning curve


✏️ Very useful for writing summary reports, articles, etc.

R Markdown

We’re going to make this today!

Intro to

What can you do with R code?

Use it like a calculator

3 + 2
## [1] 5
10^4
## [1] 10000
4*100
## [1] 400

What can you do with R code?

Print information to the console

print("Hello!")
## [1] "Hello!"
print(3*5)
## [1] 15

What can you do with R code?

Create new objects

Read the following as “x is equal to 5”

x <- 5

And we can now type x in the console to see its value

x
## [1] 5

x is now a variable that is set to the value of the number 5.

Variables

Variable: a symbol that stores/represents some other value or set of values.

Think of variables as containers.

Variable assignment

Variables get assigned their value in R with a left arrow <-

Numeric variables represent numbers

x <- 5

This means the value of the variable we have named x is equal to 5.

String variables represent “strings” of text. Text has to be enclosed in quotes ""

my_var <- "hello"

This means the value of the variable my_var is equal to the text “hello”.

Variable assignment

Variables don’t just hold numbers and text - they can hold sets of numbers/text, lists of various kinds of information, and whole data sets!

When you create a new variable in R, you will see it in your Environment pane.

What do I name my variables?

Best practices in naming your variables

In R, it’s pretty flexible. Not as flexible in other languages (*cough* Praat *cough*)

Some suggestions

Try your best to…

  • Be descriptive
  • Be consistent in your content
  • Be consistent in your case (camel/snake/etc)

i_like_snake_case but some people likeCamelCase and others may like-kabob-case,

Variable names: Choose your case

Variable names: Not okay

General rules:

Not allowed Why
1abc Starts with a number
intelligibility% Contains a special character like !@#$%^&*, etc.
.1my_var Starts with a period followed by a number (.1
_my_var Starts with an underscore (_)
special characters Some words have special meaning to R and you shouldn’t overwrite them (e.g., “mean”)

Variable names: Better

Allowed Good because Bad because
x short, lowercase Not meaningful
intelligibility_scores meaningful, easy to remember Takes a long time to type
int_mean meaningful, short 🤷
int_mean_pd, int_mean_hc meaningful, shortish, descriptive A bit long

Beware of typos!

my_var <- 5

My_var
## Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object 'My_var' not found
myVar
## Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object 'myVar' not found
my_var
## [1] 5

But will I break it?

Try it!

Numeric variables

In your console, do the following:

  • Create a variable x and assign it a value of some number
  • Create a variable of y and assign it a value of some other number
  • Create some other variable (name it whatever you like!) and assign it a value of yet another number

String variables

In your console, do the following:

  • Create a variable a and assign it a value of some text (don’t forget to enclose the text in quotes!)
  • Create a variable b and assign it a value of some other text
  • Create a variable with another name and assign it yet another text value

Types of data

  1. Numeric
  • Integers (whole numbers)
  1. Strings: collection of characters
  • e.g., “abc”, “the rainbow is a division of white light”
  • numbers and other non-letter characters can also be treated as strings
  1. Factors: categorical variables. Make up a finite set
  • e.g., “Blue” “Green” “Red”
  1. Logicals: special kind of factor that only has two values
  • TRUE vs FALSE, 0 vs 1

Types of data structures

  1. Data frames: collections of vectors
  2. Vectors: collection of similar elements (numbers, characters, factors, etc..)
  3. Matrices
  4. Lists
  5. Arrays

Comments

  • In R code, any line of code preceded by a hashmark (#) is not evaluated (i.e., it’s ignored)
  • You can write notes to your future self this way
# Set x equal to 0
x <- 0
# Now add 1 to the value of x
y <- x+1

R Packages & Libraries

Packages are bundles of code written to do (typically) specific sets of functions

  • Some packages are automatically downloaded and loaded into your workspace when you install R
  • Others you have to explicitly download
  • Many packages are hosted on CRAN - this is the official “home” of peer-approved packages
    • These can be installed using the function install.packages().
install.packages("tidyverse")
  • Other packages are not hosted on CRAN - many of these are excellent, but some may be less reliable.
    • Many of these are hosted on GitHub.com
    • These usually have to be installed using a function install_github() which is part of the devtools package.
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("hadley/emo")

For example: To install the emo package from Hadley Wickham’s Github page:

Libraries

  • Libraries in R refer to where the packages are stored. When you install a new package, it gets automatically saved to a particular location (you don’t need to specify where). When you want to use the contents/functions of a package, you need to “load the library” using the library() function.
# load the tidyverse package
# expect a bunch of output messages (this is normal)
library(tidyverse) 
## ── Attaching packages ────────────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.3.0 ──
## ✓ ggplot2 3.2.1     ✓ purrr   0.3.3
## ✓ tibble  2.1.3     ✓ dplyr   0.8.3
## ✓ tidyr   1.0.0     ✓ stringr 1.4.0
## ✓ readr   1.3.1     ✓ forcats 0.4.0
## ── Conflicts ───────────────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## x dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
  • If you ask R to load a package you don’t have installed, or make a typo in the package name, R will yell at you (give you an error):
# Typo! what happens? R yells at you.
library(tidverse)
## Error in library(tidverse): there is no package called 'tidverse'

Functions

Functions: A certain named format of code that outlines a procedure. Often this allows several lines of code to be executed with a single line of code (by using the name of the function)

  • In other words, functions are actions.
  • Most functions take arguments
    • What do you want to act on?

Calling functions

function_name(argument1, argument2, …)

  • In R Studio, if you start typing the name of a function and hit tab, you will get a pop up with possible options.
  • Within the () of the function, pressing tab will help you add the arguments.

Looking at data: A spreadsheet perspective

Most of us are used to looking at data in the form of a spreadsheet.

  • Named columns with many rows
  • Each row usually represents one observation

See simulated_vot_data.csv

Looking at data: A spreadsheet perspective

My usual workflow:

  • Collect data in spreadsheet
  • Load spreadsheet data into R
  • Do all other data manipulation and analyses in R

Looking at data

A spreadsheet perspective

In R, data often are stored in data_frames.

Columns stored in variables named with the column header name

To access individual columns, use the $ operator

my_data$Participant

Looking at data

Take a peak

To peak at the first 6 rows of the data, use the head() function

head(my_data)
##        VOT Participant  Item Condition
## 1 43.37020       subj1 item1      Slow
## 2 39.11875       subj1 item2      Fast
## 3 34.18235       subj1 item3      Slow
## 4 30.46931       subj1 item4      Fast
## 5 19.98014       subj1 item5      Slow
## 6 37.17107       subj1 item6      Fast

Looking at data

Subsetting

We can also look at subsets of data

subset(my_data, Condition=="Fast")
##              VOT Participant   Item Condition
## 2     39.1187515       subj1  item2      Fast
## 4     30.4693097       subj1  item4      Fast
## 6     37.1710733       subj1  item6      Fast
## 8     46.9807138       subj1  item8      Fast
## 10    28.4736995       subj1 item10      Fast
## 12    38.3584361       subj1 item12      Fast
## 14    26.1054615       subj1 item14      Fast
## 16    31.6125367       subj1 item16      Fast
## 18    47.1704913       subj1 item18      Fast
## 20    41.2946820       subj1 item20      Fast
## 22    31.3528478       subj1 item22      Fast
## 24    34.6233935       subj1 item24      Fast
## 26    26.7056101       subj1 item26      Fast
## 28    38.3367957       subj1 item28      Fast
## 30    21.5010941       subj1 item30      Fast
## 32    17.7997123       subj1 item32      Fast
## 34    48.2864751       subj1 item34      Fast
## 36    36.3928832       subj1 item36      Fast
## 38    56.9276016       subj1 item38      Fast
## 40    28.0012031       subj1 item40      Fast
## 42    33.4142650       subj1 item42      Fast
## 44    38.0697383       subj1 item44      Fast
## 46    50.9564954       subj1 item46      Fast
## 48    32.5518577       subj1 item48      Fast
## 49    29.3206529       subj2  item1      Fast
## 51    21.2841500       subj2  item3      Fast
## 53    29.4179335       subj2  item5      Fast
## 55    30.4957624       subj2  item7      Fast
## 57    22.1002693       subj2  item9      Fast
## 59    29.0818474       subj2 item11      Fast
## 61    17.8279327       subj2 item13      Fast
## 63    15.9009109       subj2 item15      Fast
## 65    35.2713052       subj2 item17      Fast
## 67    28.0021078       subj2 item19      Fast
## 69    32.2871064       subj2 item21      Fast
## 71    28.7219209       subj2 item23      Fast
## 73    37.0326394       subj2 item25      Fast
## 75    15.2235918       subj2 item27      Fast
## 77    -2.3416104       subj2 item29      Fast
## 79    36.6257309       subj2 item31      Fast
## 81    26.8459323       subj2 item33      Fast
## 83    20.7730262       subj2 item35      Fast
## 85    28.4177777       subj2 item37      Fast
## 87    16.8227361       subj2 item39      Fast
## 89    21.9097718       subj2 item41      Fast
## 91    19.0755636       subj2 item43      Fast
## 93    24.5248267       subj2 item45      Fast
## 95    32.9489179       subj2 item47      Fast
## 98    31.5722678       subj3  item2      Fast
## 100   20.0571571       subj3  item4      Fast
## 102   43.3411045       subj3  item6      Fast
## 104   29.7857064       subj3  item8      Fast
## 106   38.7722135       subj3 item10      Fast
## 108   14.4175027       subj3 item12      Fast
## 110   11.9849753       subj3 item14      Fast
## 112   38.6867930       subj3 item16      Fast
## 114   23.9410291       subj3 item18      Fast
## 116   16.5341639       subj3 item20      Fast
## 118   39.6985758       subj3 item22      Fast
## 120   24.5894456       subj3 item24      Fast
## 122   34.6139823       subj3 item26      Fast
## 124   36.8627060       subj3 item28      Fast
## 126   23.3114582       subj3 item30      Fast
## 128   32.2984381       subj3 item32      Fast
## 130   46.2213241       subj3 item34      Fast
## 132   43.6100379       subj3 item36      Fast
## 134   36.3475811       subj3 item38      Fast
## 136   20.8872038       subj3 item40      Fast
## 138   25.5312942       subj3 item42      Fast
## 140   28.5429025       subj3 item44      Fast
## 142   39.3291885       subj3 item46      Fast
## 144   10.6126329       subj3 item48      Fast
## 145   32.4185321       subj4  item1      Fast
## 147   27.1989960       subj4  item3      Fast
## 149   48.4495181       subj4  item5      Fast
## 151   38.0043499       subj4  item7      Fast
## 153   26.3256183       subj4  item9      Fast
## 155   41.1627172       subj4 item11      Fast
## 157   29.0116679       subj4 item13      Fast
## 159   25.0019523       subj4 item15      Fast
## 161   32.0095497       subj4 item17      Fast
## 163   37.6003147       subj4 item19      Fast
## 165   50.4163552       subj4 item21      Fast
## 167   27.6264143       subj4 item23      Fast
## 169   38.0839459       subj4 item25      Fast
## 171   28.0687434       subj4 item27      Fast
## 173   18.4040870       subj4 item29      Fast
## 175   24.9782672       subj4 item31      Fast
## 177   41.7930294       subj4 item33      Fast
## 179   39.5678177       subj4 item35      Fast
## 181   35.4288194       subj4 item37      Fast
## 183   18.0748788       subj4 item39      Fast
## 185   48.2035804       subj4 item41      Fast
## 187   34.0192619       subj4 item43      Fast
## 189   36.4375709       subj4 item45      Fast
## 191   20.1860873       subj4 item47      Fast
## 194   44.7606225       subj5  item2      Fast
## 196   19.0884304       subj5  item4      Fast
## 198   34.2091834       subj5  item6      Fast
## 200   52.3252843       subj5  item8      Fast
## 202   38.3316497       subj5 item10      Fast
## 204   28.6307976       subj5 item12      Fast
## 206   32.3434902       subj5 item14      Fast
## 208   29.3081094       subj5 item16      Fast
## 210   28.4431413       subj5 item18      Fast
## 212   61.7186165       subj5 item20      Fast
## 214   36.3350311       subj5 item22      Fast
## 216   39.4432113       subj5 item24      Fast
## 218   43.0069819       subj5 item26      Fast
## 220   50.7277897       subj5 item28      Fast
## 222   43.4051261       subj5 item30      Fast
## 224   37.7203785       subj5 item32      Fast
## 226   34.9556889       subj5 item34      Fast
## 228   23.5150285       subj5 item36      Fast
## 230   35.7969374       subj5 item38      Fast
## 232   19.7100998       subj5 item40      Fast
## 234   41.0772751       subj5 item42      Fast
## 236   31.8061063       subj5 item44      Fast
## 238   41.9915856       subj5 item46      Fast
## 240   41.6470768       subj5 item48      Fast
## 241   22.1611165       subj6  item1      Fast
## 243    9.4105343       subj6  item3      Fast
## 245   28.4888169       subj6  item5      Fast
## 247   30.5016416       subj6  item7      Fast
## 249   26.7853152       subj6  item9      Fast
## 251   26.6226735       subj6 item11      Fast
## 253   11.4006883       subj6 item13      Fast
## 255    4.9802793       subj6 item15      Fast
## 257   16.3408217       subj6 item17      Fast
## 259   39.6987352       subj6 item19      Fast
## 261    7.9678986       subj6 item21      Fast
## 263   38.5046400       subj6 item23      Fast
## 265   29.8843582       subj6 item25      Fast
## 267   -4.3362605       subj6 item27      Fast
## 269  -15.7166370       subj6 item29      Fast
## 271   17.1106820       subj6 item31      Fast
## 273   24.7932227       subj6 item33      Fast
## 275   28.0088634       subj6 item35      Fast
## 277   34.2306507       subj6 item37      Fast
## 279   16.7490147       subj6 item39      Fast
## 281   22.1960835       subj6 item41      Fast
## 283   14.8206189       subj6 item43      Fast
## 285   24.4894034       subj6 item45      Fast
## 287    9.9369803       subj6 item47      Fast
## 290   31.2662699       subj7  item2      Fast
## 292   24.3856645       subj7  item4      Fast
## 294   20.6116870       subj7  item6      Fast
## 296   37.8006957       subj7  item8      Fast
## 298   30.0330709       subj7 item10      Fast
## 300   35.6762325       subj7 item12      Fast
## 302   22.1441589       subj7 item14      Fast
## 304   25.8702356       subj7 item16      Fast
## 306   18.2607581       subj7 item18      Fast
## 308   34.0621707       subj7 item20      Fast
## 310   36.8429159       subj7 item22      Fast
## 312   36.5147810       subj7 item24      Fast
## 314   31.9192530       subj7 item26      Fast
## 316   50.1754442       subj7 item28      Fast
## 318   30.7638996       subj7 item30      Fast
## 320   43.5067322       subj7 item32      Fast
## 322   33.3147231       subj7 item34      Fast
## 324   32.6898469       subj7 item36      Fast
## 326   29.9022203       subj7 item38      Fast
## 328   28.4656643       subj7 item40      Fast
## 330   33.7053548       subj7 item42      Fast
## 332   24.8244380       subj7 item44      Fast
## 334   17.3613409       subj7 item46      Fast
## 336   20.3664053       subj7 item48      Fast
## 337   36.1802024       subj8  item1      Fast
## 339   29.5631247       subj8  item3      Fast
## 341   32.9834033       subj8  item5      Fast
## 343   29.0293532       subj8  item7      Fast
## 345   25.6292333       subj8  item9      Fast
## 347   29.1229333       subj8 item11      Fast
## 349   42.6908316       subj8 item13      Fast
## 351   20.3291894       subj8 item15      Fast
## 353   31.3344446       subj8 item17      Fast
## 355   35.2385677       subj8 item19      Fast
## 357   43.5305027       subj8 item21      Fast
## 359   23.7307810       subj8 item23      Fast
## 361   40.8957234       subj8 item25      Fast
## 363   15.7140845       subj8 item27      Fast
## 365   13.1858739       subj8 item29      Fast
## 367   18.3601571       subj8 item31      Fast
## 369   39.1582697       subj8 item33      Fast
## 371   19.0174064       subj8 item35      Fast
## 373   38.5633846       subj8 item37      Fast
## 375   30.3408026       subj8 item39      Fast
## 377   27.7182364       subj8 item41      Fast
## 379   -8.2686150       subj8 item43      Fast
## 381   24.3418947       subj8 item45      Fast
## 383   14.6412913       subj8 item47      Fast
## 386   37.3635421       subj9  item2      Fast
## 388   22.3762529       subj9  item4      Fast
## 390   24.7067488       subj9  item6      Fast
## 392   24.3086290       subj9  item8      Fast
## 394   43.2060159       subj9 item10      Fast
## 396   25.4891852       subj9 item12      Fast
## 398   19.6024136       subj9 item14      Fast
## 400   27.8894153       subj9 item16      Fast
## 402   18.8797007       subj9 item18      Fast
## 404   24.4473829       subj9 item20      Fast
## 406   23.0081995       subj9 item22      Fast
## 408   13.3741259       subj9 item24      Fast
## 410   23.3255327       subj9 item26      Fast
## 412   30.8559039       subj9 item28      Fast
## 414   11.7043132       subj9 item30      Fast
## 416   32.9942811       subj9 item32      Fast
## 418   24.4684072       subj9 item34      Fast
## 420   31.6932132       subj9 item36      Fast
## 422   25.0817767       subj9 item38      Fast
## 424   16.4490114       subj9 item40      Fast
## 426   31.3999564       subj9 item42      Fast
## 428   33.5414974       subj9 item44      Fast
## 430   23.3735836       subj9 item46      Fast
## 432   33.4041071       subj9 item48      Fast
## 433   41.6636023      subj10  item1      Fast
## 435   39.6171809      subj10  item3      Fast
## 437   48.5279848      subj10  item5      Fast
## 439   31.2758629      subj10  item7      Fast
## 441   20.4618222      subj10  item9      Fast
## 443   32.4312535      subj10 item11      Fast
## 445   25.6495049      subj10 item13      Fast
## 447   24.6292637      subj10 item15      Fast
## 449   32.6100716      subj10 item17      Fast
## 451   48.1627761      subj10 item19      Fast
## 453   49.3605917      subj10 item21      Fast
## 455   35.2928966      subj10 item23      Fast
## 457   40.7380586      subj10 item25      Fast
## 459   24.8291558      subj10 item27      Fast
## 461    5.7194502      subj10 item29      Fast
## 463   33.3837787      subj10 item31      Fast
## 465   47.2324174      subj10 item33      Fast
## 467   30.2970734      subj10 item35      Fast
## 469   53.5966579      subj10 item37      Fast
## 471   24.6279002      subj10 item39      Fast
## 473   41.3164352      subj10 item41      Fast
## 475   30.1673769      subj10 item43      Fast
## 477   42.2430524      subj10 item45      Fast
## 479   31.7817443      subj10 item47      Fast
## 482   31.0903219      subj11  item2      Fast
## 484   28.0168309      subj11  item4      Fast
## 486   27.3264756      subj11  item6      Fast
## 488   25.6890104      subj11  item8      Fast
## 490   13.6170653      subj11 item10      Fast
## 492   11.0422651      subj11 item12      Fast
## 494   13.6189390      subj11 item14      Fast
## 496   25.7031288      subj11 item16      Fast
## 498   12.3673890      subj11 item18      Fast
## 500   21.0060348      subj11 item20      Fast
## 502    7.0610707      subj11 item22      Fast
## 504   32.0838451      subj11 item24      Fast
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## 508   22.2927875      subj11 item28      Fast
## 510    8.9932692      subj11 item30      Fast
## 512   23.5187504      subj11 item32      Fast
## 514   26.9831743      subj11 item34      Fast
## 516   33.0429793      subj11 item36      Fast
## 518   22.3315740      subj11 item38      Fast
## 520   23.7290180      subj11 item40      Fast
## 522   32.7441562      subj11 item42      Fast
## 524   10.4818293      subj11 item44      Fast
## 526   23.4803436      subj11 item46      Fast
## 528   14.5240680      subj11 item48      Fast
## 529   26.8079920      subj12  item1      Fast
## 531   29.6524171      subj12  item3      Fast
## 533   38.3287407      subj12  item5      Fast
## 535   34.1245486      subj12  item7      Fast
## 537   34.1309452      subj12  item9      Fast
## 539   27.0018360      subj12 item11      Fast
## 541   11.1474774      subj12 item13      Fast
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## 545   31.1748889      subj12 item17      Fast
## 547   21.5589320      subj12 item19      Fast
## 549   30.0096590      subj12 item21      Fast
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## 553   41.9897692      subj12 item25      Fast
## 555   31.2704755      subj12 item27      Fast
## 557   29.9077536      subj12 item29      Fast
## 559   10.6940076      subj12 item31      Fast
## 561   39.6091469      subj12 item33      Fast
## 563   42.9459643      subj12 item35      Fast
## 565   52.1153546      subj12 item37      Fast
## 567   31.4886422      subj12 item39      Fast
## 569   20.9983379      subj12 item41      Fast
## 571   32.7191356      subj12 item43      Fast
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## 575    6.8065874      subj12 item47      Fast
## 578   43.5885316      subj13  item2      Fast
## 580   21.7650147      subj13  item4      Fast
## 582   47.1256019      subj13  item6      Fast
## 584   41.5198792      subj13  item8      Fast
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## 588   40.7948665      subj13 item12      Fast
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## 594   44.4507276      subj13 item18      Fast
## 596   35.5716505      subj13 item20      Fast
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## 600   45.2438785      subj13 item24      Fast
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## 618   34.8735741      subj13 item42      Fast
## 620   39.1924362      subj13 item44      Fast
## 622   51.3710069      subj13 item46      Fast
## 624   34.9746788      subj13 item48      Fast
## 625   36.6955908      subj14  item1      Fast
## 627   25.9911764      subj14  item3      Fast
## 629   34.8153958      subj14  item5      Fast
## 631   40.5824169      subj14  item7      Fast
## 633   31.4060855      subj14  item9      Fast
## 635   34.7554814      subj14 item11      Fast
## 637   20.4485510      subj14 item13      Fast
## 639   18.6051055      subj14 item15      Fast
## 641   40.9530716      subj14 item17      Fast
## 643   33.8449265      subj14 item19      Fast
## 645   50.6097123      subj14 item21      Fast
## 647   40.8544221      subj14 item23      Fast
## 649   52.6594083      subj14 item25      Fast
## 651   47.0161136      subj14 item27      Fast
## 653   21.5927652      subj14 item29      Fast
## 655   40.2634141      subj14 item31      Fast
## 657   50.7768372      subj14 item33      Fast
## 659   43.3550260      subj14 item35      Fast
## 661   48.5795664      subj14 item37      Fast
## 663   25.0777667      subj14 item39      Fast
## 665   38.4357988      subj14 item41      Fast
## 667   31.3614640      subj14 item43      Fast
## 669   54.8905171      subj14 item45      Fast
## 671   14.4715103      subj14 item47      Fast
## 674   26.6319559      subj15  item2      Fast
## 676   16.5180442      subj15  item4      Fast
## 678   46.6384490      subj15  item6      Fast
## 680   20.7222607      subj15  item8      Fast
## 682   37.5523209      subj15 item10      Fast
## 684   37.0974938      subj15 item12      Fast
## 686   16.8552564      subj15 item14      Fast
## 688   39.5594628      subj15 item16      Fast
## 690   27.1664136      subj15 item18      Fast
## 692   30.1217616      subj15 item20      Fast
## 694   14.1680239      subj15 item22      Fast
## 696   47.5012935      subj15 item24      Fast
## 698   18.0984175      subj15 item26      Fast
## 700   23.9970394      subj15 item28      Fast
## 702   20.1154454      subj15 item30      Fast
## 704   33.7442017      subj15 item32      Fast
## 706   51.1595140      subj15 item34      Fast
## 708   29.8798646      subj15 item36      Fast
## 710   17.9387563      subj15 item38      Fast
## 712   32.9301721      subj15 item40      Fast
## 714   27.5861650      subj15 item42      Fast
## 716   30.3154496      subj15 item44      Fast
## 718   42.2058889      subj15 item46      Fast
## 720   12.6645048      subj15 item48      Fast
## 721   29.7487241      subj16  item1      Fast
## 723   25.5733775      subj16  item3      Fast
## 725   31.1931763      subj16  item5      Fast
## 727   21.5427483      subj16  item7      Fast
## 729   25.5646204      subj16  item9      Fast
## 731   37.3077636      subj16 item11      Fast
## 733   15.2930884      subj16 item13      Fast
## 735    8.4375858      subj16 item15      Fast
## 737   27.3153600      subj16 item17      Fast
## 739   31.5051756      subj16 item19      Fast
## 741   26.0692423      subj16 item21      Fast
## 743   27.5941156      subj16 item23      Fast
## 745   35.5765132      subj16 item25      Fast
## 747   28.0862578      subj16 item27      Fast
## 749    6.6778421      subj16 item29      Fast
## 751   46.3367636      subj16 item31      Fast
## 753   34.5695279      subj16 item33      Fast
## 755   14.2906657      subj16 item35      Fast
## 757   38.5986298      subj16 item37      Fast
## 759   20.8319451      subj16 item39      Fast
## 761   24.1136994      subj16 item41      Fast
## 763   21.8425265      subj16 item43      Fast
## 765   18.0894962      subj16 item45      Fast
## 767   21.2075095      subj16 item47      Fast
## 770   41.7990202      subj17  item2      Fast
## 772   21.5395982      subj17  item4      Fast
## 774   33.3853356      subj17  item6      Fast
## 776   36.7321996      subj17  item8      Fast
## 778   29.0860730      subj17 item10      Fast
## 780   23.3821211      subj17 item12      Fast
## 782   44.3374956      subj17 item14      Fast
## 784   44.2112530      subj17 item16      Fast
## 786   50.6693898      subj17 item18      Fast
## 788   34.6491376      subj17 item20      Fast
## 790   26.3409122      subj17 item22      Fast
## 792   28.2777969      subj17 item24      Fast
## 794   32.8018945      subj17 item26      Fast
## 796   33.6122921      subj17 item28      Fast
## 798   25.7379850      subj17 item30      Fast
## 800   20.2967946      subj17 item32      Fast
## 802   34.2518383      subj17 item34      Fast
## 804   39.8629731      subj17 item36      Fast
## 806   20.5150146      subj17 item38      Fast
## 808   21.6190719      subj17 item40      Fast
## 810   32.4046675      subj17 item42      Fast
## 812   35.0538840      subj17 item44      Fast
## 814   33.5208532      subj17 item46      Fast
## 816   25.6307210      subj17 item48      Fast
## 817   28.2917397      subj18  item1      Fast
## 819   21.5977184      subj18  item3      Fast
## 821   31.7632619      subj18  item5      Fast
## 823   39.9850026      subj18  item7      Fast
## 825   27.5121103      subj18  item9      Fast
## 827   23.2147363      subj18 item11      Fast
## 829    4.7033765      subj18 item13      Fast
## 831   29.1530816      subj18 item15      Fast
## 833   26.2507557      subj18 item17      Fast
## 835   24.3991711      subj18 item19      Fast
## 837   22.3280588      subj18 item21      Fast
## 839   34.3160442      subj18 item23      Fast
## 841   25.8685855      subj18 item25      Fast
## 843   18.4902872      subj18 item27      Fast
## 845   23.0928637      subj18 item29      Fast
## 847   27.9553279      subj18 item31      Fast
## 849   20.7098144      subj18 item33      Fast
## 851   33.9175459      subj18 item35      Fast
## 853   29.3228732      subj18 item37      Fast
## 855   18.1478484      subj18 item39      Fast
## 857   17.6858912      subj18 item41      Fast
## 859   18.1849325      subj18 item43      Fast
## 861   12.8117636      subj18 item45      Fast
## 863   37.5473786      subj18 item47      Fast
## 866   54.5767869      subj19  item2      Fast
## 868   30.5938075      subj19  item4      Fast
## 870   36.8857702      subj19  item6      Fast
## 872   38.9311581      subj19  item8      Fast
## 874   54.3242949      subj19 item10      Fast
## 876   38.9279057      subj19 item12      Fast
## 878   40.8867461      subj19 item14      Fast
## 880   34.9558798      subj19 item16      Fast
## 882   33.4040947      subj19 item18      Fast
## 884   43.1222432      subj19 item20      Fast
## 886   25.8752672      subj19 item22      Fast
## 888   41.3478189      subj19 item24      Fast
## 890   39.9315814      subj19 item26      Fast
## 892   36.9804280      subj19 item28      Fast
## 894   24.3408747      subj19 item30      Fast
## 896   44.9372715      subj19 item32      Fast
## 898   42.4207161      subj19 item34      Fast
## 900   40.0110381      subj19 item36      Fast
## 902   42.6470743      subj19 item38      Fast
## 904   30.5007414      subj19 item40      Fast
## 906   16.7628183      subj19 item42      Fast
## 908   29.3485064      subj19 item44      Fast
## 910   47.9978645      subj19 item46      Fast
## 912   19.5755499      subj19 item48      Fast
## 913   26.4871783      subj20  item1      Fast
## 915   24.7677593      subj20  item3      Fast
## 917   26.6919103      subj20  item5      Fast
## 919   50.8844972      subj20  item7      Fast
## 921   27.6826872      subj20  item9      Fast
## 923   26.1900011      subj20 item11      Fast
## 925   25.2177481      subj20 item13      Fast
## 927   32.3002018      subj20 item15      Fast
## 929   46.0798332      subj20 item17      Fast
## 931   36.5372326      subj20 item19      Fast
## 933   30.5531528      subj20 item21      Fast
## 935   33.1090463      subj20 item23      Fast
## 937   44.2899667      subj20 item25      Fast
## 939   33.9846061      subj20 item27      Fast
## 941   -1.4475536      subj20 item29      Fast
## 943   36.8781439      subj20 item31      Fast
## 945   23.3312016      subj20 item33      Fast
## 947   38.2421960      subj20 item35      Fast
## 949   40.0128314      subj20 item37      Fast
## 951   17.7068176      subj20 item39      Fast
## 953   21.5273375      subj20 item41      Fast
## 955   14.3041403      subj20 item43      Fast
## 957   22.7658905      subj20 item45      Fast
## 959   17.6090537      subj20 item47      Fast
## 962   36.9821381      subj21  item2      Fast
## 964   25.5492052      subj21  item4      Fast
## 966   37.6777301      subj21  item6      Fast
## 968   26.1274206      subj21  item8      Fast
## 970   42.2064103      subj21 item10      Fast
## 972   30.1150484      subj21 item12      Fast
## 974   37.6282273      subj21 item14      Fast
## 976   48.9365681      subj21 item16      Fast
## 978   34.1175554      subj21 item18      Fast
## 980   34.0380744      subj21 item20      Fast
## 982   24.3012930      subj21 item22      Fast
## 984   33.8597309      subj21 item24      Fast
## 986   29.1730892      subj21 item26      Fast
## 988   31.9260287      subj21 item28      Fast
## 990   35.8599680      subj21 item30      Fast
## 992   38.6333227      subj21 item32      Fast
## 994   39.9673287      subj21 item34      Fast
## 996   35.0990007      subj21 item36      Fast
## 998   33.9236847      subj21 item38      Fast
## 1000  16.5043842      subj21 item40      Fast
## 1002  38.3211022      subj21 item42      Fast
## 1004  31.3952649      subj21 item44      Fast
## 1006  62.0011720      subj21 item46      Fast
## 1008  26.2234366      subj21 item48      Fast
## 1009  30.2553526      subj22  item1      Fast
## 1011  21.7504327      subj22  item3      Fast
## 1013  52.4264499      subj22  item5      Fast
## 1015  37.0768361      subj22  item7      Fast
## 1017  11.9143961      subj22  item9      Fast
## 1019  29.1747440      subj22 item11      Fast
## 1021  18.1557166      subj22 item13      Fast
## 1023  16.8587616      subj22 item15      Fast
## 1025  22.1892248      subj22 item17      Fast
## 1027  20.1761943      subj22 item19      Fast
## 1029  35.6242290      subj22 item21      Fast
## 1031  30.5736819      subj22 item23      Fast
## 1033  33.5284391      subj22 item25      Fast
## 1035  29.5924736      subj22 item27      Fast
## 1037  11.4356174      subj22 item29      Fast
## 1039  21.4130911      subj22 item31      Fast
## 1041  32.3379838      subj22 item33      Fast
## 1043  22.7171551      subj22 item35      Fast
## 1045  49.4524589      subj22 item37      Fast
## 1047  28.2899147      subj22 item39      Fast
## 1049  21.9456370      subj22 item41      Fast
## 1051  21.9591741      subj22 item43      Fast
## 1053  23.3416074      subj22 item45      Fast
## 1055  22.9313235      subj22 item47      Fast
## 1058  24.4554811      subj23  item2      Fast
## 1060  30.0325404      subj23  item4      Fast
## 1062  31.5846859      subj23  item6      Fast
## 1064  22.7785635      subj23  item8      Fast
## 1066  13.7871982      subj23 item10      Fast
## 1068  17.7372230      subj23 item12      Fast
## 1070  17.6353795      subj23 item14      Fast
## 1072  37.1613063      subj23 item16      Fast
## 1074   6.4494366      subj23 item18      Fast
## 1076   8.2597723      subj23 item20      Fast
## 1078  19.6378877      subj23 item22      Fast
## 1080  28.0600749      subj23 item24      Fast
## 1082  25.4238215      subj23 item26      Fast
## 1084  16.5834502      subj23 item28      Fast
## 1086  21.7964456      subj23 item30      Fast
## 1088  24.3021751      subj23 item32      Fast
## 1090  39.2813525      subj23 item34      Fast
## 1092  30.2916454      subj23 item36      Fast
## 1094  27.9486612      subj23 item38      Fast
## 1096  21.9685455      subj23 item40      Fast
## 1098  18.6355743      subj23 item42      Fast
## 1100  13.2725212      subj23 item44      Fast
## 1102  28.3570443      subj23 item46      Fast
## 1104  32.3235931      subj23 item48      Fast
## 1105  35.7475009      subj24  item1      Fast
## 1107  16.2274413      subj24  item3      Fast
## 1109  39.9644038      subj24  item5      Fast
## 1111  28.8942442      subj24  item7      Fast
## 1113   3.4332896      subj24  item9      Fast
## 1115  18.9738112      subj24 item11      Fast
## 1117  25.9443654      subj24 item13      Fast
## 1119  16.3868078      subj24 item15      Fast
## 1121  34.5222010      subj24 item17      Fast
## 1123  38.8728682      subj24 item19      Fast
## 1125  30.9384667      subj24 item21      Fast
## 1127  17.0054493      subj24 item23      Fast
## 1129  30.1198164      subj24 item25      Fast
## 1131  36.2062753      subj24 item27      Fast
## 1133  16.7392616      subj24 item29      Fast
## 1135  30.2843633      subj24 item31      Fast
## 1137  30.7627428      subj24 item33      Fast
## 1139  28.2010939      subj24 item35      Fast
## 1141  45.7938166      subj24 item37      Fast
## 1143  14.4571807      subj24 item39      Fast
## 1145  25.6363335      subj24 item41      Fast
## 1147  12.1317659      subj24 item43      Fast
## 1149  14.8042055      subj24 item45      Fast
## 1151  14.9676073      subj24 item47      Fast
## 1154  26.7233096      subj25  item2      Fast
## 1156  12.8266191      subj25  item4      Fast
## 1158  28.5863348      subj25  item6      Fast
## 1160  32.3002481      subj25  item8      Fast
## 1162  56.8207673      subj25 item10      Fast
## 1164  34.0431035      subj25 item12      Fast
## 1166  25.6909558      subj25 item14      Fast
## 1168  47.0536048      subj25 item16      Fast
## 1170  33.8119155      subj25 item18      Fast
## 1172  36.6066014      subj25 item20      Fast
## 1174  31.8792464      subj25 item22      Fast
## 1176  19.5100120      subj25 item24      Fast
## 1178  27.0512411      subj25 item26      Fast
## 1180  32.3008892      subj25 item28      Fast
## 1182  24.7071425      subj25 item30      Fast
## 1184  36.4149577      subj25 item32      Fast
## 1186  49.7325307      subj25 item34      Fast
## 1188  26.0766494      subj25 item36      Fast
## 1190  27.4548067      subj25 item38      Fast
## 1192  32.4596505      subj25 item40      Fast
## 1194  38.3688304      subj25 item42      Fast
## 1196  39.1031416      subj25 item44      Fast
## 1198  43.9676072      subj25 item46      Fast
## 1200  24.4886454      subj25 item48      Fast
## 1201  29.3181517      subj26  item1      Fast
## 1203  19.2242980      subj26  item3      Fast
## 1205  20.4359617      subj26  item5      Fast
## 1207  25.5273830      subj26  item7      Fast
## 1209  18.5643652      subj26  item9      Fast
## 1211  19.3886797      subj26 item11      Fast
## 1213   6.6455526      subj26 item13      Fast
## 1215   0.3173835      subj26 item15      Fast
## 1217  16.2151342      subj26 item17      Fast
## 1219  23.6690495      subj26 item19      Fast
## 1221  25.7707760      subj26 item21      Fast
## 1223  39.3361409      subj26 item23      Fast
## 1225  17.2787861      subj26 item25      Fast
## 1227  22.9380400      subj26 item27      Fast
## 1229 -12.2204277      subj26 item29      Fast
## 1231  29.8671438      subj26 item31      Fast
## 1233  13.0955841      subj26 item33      Fast
## 1235  25.2384463      subj26 item35      Fast
## 1237  41.4502811      subj26 item37      Fast
## 1239   9.9491739      subj26 item39      Fast
## 1241  25.3089577      subj26 item41      Fast
## 1243   6.4622713      subj26 item43      Fast
## 1245  12.3035765      subj26 item45      Fast
## 1247  14.6981188      subj26 item47      Fast
## 1250  21.2720558      subj27  item2      Fast
## 1252  21.7288296      subj27  item4      Fast
## 1254  51.5377721      subj27  item6      Fast
## 1256  41.8346330      subj27  item8      Fast
## 1258  30.1508880      subj27 item10      Fast
## 1260  37.1401735      subj27 item12      Fast
## 1262  33.3216425      subj27 item14      Fast
## 1264  48.7114621      subj27 item16      Fast
## 1266  33.7766196      subj27 item18      Fast
## 1268  41.9181979      subj27 item20      Fast
## 1270  48.0474068      subj27 item22      Fast
## 1272  34.3355225      subj27 item24      Fast
## 1274  36.2130053      subj27 item26      Fast
## 1276  43.9064972      subj27 item28      Fast
## 1278  27.6776032      subj27 item30      Fast
## 1280  41.4202828      subj27 item32      Fast
## 1282  41.7204078      subj27 item34      Fast
## 1284  28.9568157      subj27 item36      Fast
## 1286  19.0775368      subj27 item38      Fast
## 1288   9.1298109      subj27 item40      Fast
## 1290  33.5302186      subj27 item42      Fast
## 1292  38.0201663      subj27 item44      Fast
## 1294  33.5111603      subj27 item46      Fast
## 1296  13.7810701      subj27 item48      Fast
## 1297  33.4909087      subj28  item1      Fast
## 1299  24.0312883      subj28  item3      Fast
## 1301  34.2433207      subj28  item5      Fast
## 1303  35.7588514      subj28  item7      Fast
## 1305  38.7270265      subj28  item9      Fast
## 1307  40.3145077      subj28 item11      Fast
## 1309  16.5550212      subj28 item13      Fast
## 1311  15.5933988      subj28 item15      Fast
## 1313  35.0383237      subj28 item17      Fast
## 1315  16.9939874      subj28 item19      Fast
## 1317  32.0261369      subj28 item21      Fast
## 1319  36.5224611      subj28 item23      Fast
## 1321  43.9378338      subj28 item25      Fast
## 1323  23.7439239      subj28 item27      Fast
## 1325   4.8963416      subj28 item29      Fast
## 1327  23.2245423      subj28 item31      Fast
## 1329  31.5400698      subj28 item33      Fast
## 1331  28.9317406      subj28 item35      Fast
## 1333  31.8873048      subj28 item37      Fast
## 1335  21.9822814      subj28 item39      Fast
## 1337  26.9965325      subj28 item41      Fast
## 1339  20.1223058      subj28 item43      Fast
## 1341  29.5424843      subj28 item45      Fast
## 1343   7.6535236      subj28 item47      Fast
## 1346  27.7577604      subj29  item2      Fast
## 1348  21.9775691      subj29  item4      Fast
## 1350  55.5738326      subj29  item6      Fast
## 1352  48.2177331      subj29  item8      Fast
## 1354  46.8919405      subj29 item10      Fast
## 1356  20.5988548      subj29 item12      Fast
## 1358  32.3434526      subj29 item14      Fast
## 1360  39.2392132      subj29 item16      Fast
## 1362  37.5873174      subj29 item18      Fast
## 1364  25.6933354      subj29 item20      Fast
## 1366  31.4089063      subj29 item22      Fast
## 1368  37.1986304      subj29 item24      Fast
## 1370  32.6069474      subj29 item26      Fast
## 1372  45.6209879      subj29 item28      Fast
## 1374  26.1949158      subj29 item30      Fast
## 1376  24.3239618      subj29 item32      Fast
## 1378  29.0909411      subj29 item34      Fast
## 1380  37.1189356      subj29 item36      Fast
## 1382  38.1220575      subj29 item38      Fast
## 1384  35.0158499      subj29 item40      Fast
## 1386  35.9761060      subj29 item42      Fast
## 1388  25.2266499      subj29 item44      Fast
## 1390  30.9857731      subj29 item46      Fast
## 1392  18.3550874      subj29 item48      Fast
## 1393  38.9411338      subj30  item1      Fast
## 1395  21.8320026      subj30  item3      Fast
## 1397  33.2869066      subj30  item5      Fast
## 1399  24.3460319      subj30  item7      Fast
## 1401  25.0525210      subj30  item9      Fast
## 1403  26.6712566      subj30 item11      Fast
## 1405  26.3371082      subj30 item13      Fast
## 1407  18.7829019      subj30 item15      Fast
## 1409  33.4745584      subj30 item17      Fast
## 1411  20.6721633      subj30 item19      Fast
## 1413  33.1536695      subj30 item21      Fast
## 1415  33.1846014      subj30 item23      Fast
## 1417  35.8178186      subj30 item25      Fast
## 1419  25.9292072      subj30 item27      Fast
## 1421  14.9045797      subj30 item29      Fast
## 1423  26.2900364      subj30 item31      Fast
## 1425  54.3873532      subj30 item33      Fast
## 1427  25.0231557      subj30 item35      Fast
## 1429  31.3873370      subj30 item37      Fast
## 1431  25.4104561      subj30 item39      Fast
## 1433  29.3644828      subj30 item41      Fast
## 1435  23.8200063      subj30 item43      Fast
## 1437  19.9973310      subj30 item45      Fast
## 1439  20.0356736      subj30 item47      Fast
## 1442  25.5858056      subj31  item2      Fast
## 1444  11.4230961      subj31  item4      Fast
## 1446  29.5187926      subj31  item6      Fast
## 1448  22.4913294      subj31  item8      Fast
## 1450  37.3077744      subj31 item10      Fast
## 1452  24.0280136      subj31 item12      Fast
## 1454  14.5002676      subj31 item14      Fast
## 1456  32.1632452      subj31 item16      Fast
## 1458  30.3691460      subj31 item18      Fast
## 1460  35.4249485      subj31 item20      Fast
## 1462  32.2225819      subj31 item22      Fast
## 1464  38.8614598      subj31 item24      Fast
## 1466  25.6219002      subj31 item26      Fast
## 1468  24.9442581      subj31 item28      Fast
## 1470  34.2787372      subj31 item30      Fast
## 1472  28.8091253      subj31 item32      Fast
## 1474  33.5098914      subj31 item34      Fast
## 1476  38.7728580      subj31 item36      Fast
## 1478  20.9240234      subj31 item38      Fast
## 1480  21.0803440      subj31 item40      Fast
## 1482  32.4262329      subj31 item42      Fast
## 1484  23.6412394      subj31 item44      Fast
## 1486  48.9075884      subj31 item46      Fast
## 1488  16.9597456      subj31 item48      Fast
## 1489  25.6627457      subj32  item1      Fast
## 1491  20.2975166      subj32  item3      Fast
## 1493  19.6594046      subj32  item5      Fast
## 1495  25.0300113      subj32  item7      Fast
## 1497  18.2033407      subj32  item9      Fast
## 1499  32.8742076      subj32 item11      Fast
## 1501  18.4920215      subj32 item13      Fast
## 1503  17.4502125      subj32 item15      Fast
## 1505  22.8170980      subj32 item17      Fast
## 1507  23.2253390      subj32 item19      Fast
## 1509  13.7755411      subj32 item21      Fast
## 1511  25.9148312      subj32 item23      Fast
## 1513  38.2842595      subj32 item25      Fast
## 1515  13.8615955      subj32 item27      Fast
## 1517   0.3133097      subj32 item29      Fast
## 1519  22.5048885      subj32 item31      Fast
## 1521  22.0883593      subj32 item33      Fast
## 1523  32.8439329      subj32 item35      Fast
## 1525  33.9410369      subj32 item37      Fast
## 1527  20.9347967      subj32 item39      Fast
## 1529  28.6623270      subj32 item41      Fast
## 1531  13.0352506      subj32 item43      Fast
## 1533  13.2996935      subj32 item45      Fast
## 1535   5.1256393      subj32 item47      Fast
## 1538  32.0686475      subj33  item2      Fast
## 1540  30.4192031      subj33  item4      Fast
## 1542  30.0680446      subj33  item6      Fast
## 1544  24.5226565      subj33  item8      Fast
## 1546  42.5457748      subj33 item10      Fast
## 1548  36.5127099      subj33 item12      Fast
## 1550  25.0241831      subj33 item14      Fast
## 1552  33.3715706      subj33 item16      Fast
## 1554  22.1222305      subj33 item18      Fast
## 1556  35.5634816      subj33 item20      Fast
## 1558  18.1809354      subj33 item22      Fast
## 1560  23.5367501      subj33 item24      Fast
## 1562  34.1675805      subj33 item26      Fast
## 1564  38.4970667      subj33 item28      Fast
## 1566   3.5625383      subj33 item30      Fast
## 1568  24.0955076      subj33 item32      Fast
## 1570  36.7786498      subj33 item34      Fast
## 1572  32.8672446      subj33 item36      Fast
## 1574  32.0780025      subj33 item38      Fast
## 1576  26.2818290      subj33 item40      Fast
## 1578  21.7629540      subj33 item42      Fast
## 1580  26.8405159      subj33 item44      Fast
## 1582  32.2674518      subj33 item46      Fast
## 1584  11.0535228      subj33 item48      Fast
## 1585  37.3246812      subj34  item1      Fast
## 1587  20.0034193      subj34  item3      Fast
## 1589  51.1289552      subj34  item5      Fast
## 1591  30.5840206      subj34  item7      Fast
## 1593  15.0647024      subj34  item9      Fast
## 1595  35.0689253      subj34 item11      Fast
## 1597  12.2252619      subj34 item13      Fast
## 1599  19.6739481      subj34 item15      Fast
## 1601  29.5998237      subj34 item17      Fast
## 1603  26.2424391      subj34 item19      Fast
## 1605  31.8424049      subj34 item21      Fast
## 1607  27.0111829      subj34 item23      Fast
## 1609  37.3782004      subj34 item25      Fast
## 1611  22.9227101      subj34 item27      Fast
## 1613  22.3905835      subj34 item29      Fast
## 1615   9.6329457      subj34 item31      Fast
## 1617  52.3399954      subj34 item33      Fast
## 1619  39.8148985      subj34 item35      Fast
## 1621  32.9891814      subj34 item37      Fast
## 1623  36.2269549      subj34 item39      Fast
## 1625  28.9871068      subj34 item41      Fast
## 1627  14.1228741      subj34 item43      Fast
## 1629  37.5212322      subj34 item45      Fast
## 1631  16.9599774      subj34 item47      Fast
## 1634  35.1112023      subj35  item2      Fast
## 1636  15.2693492      subj35  item4      Fast
## 1638  29.5835392      subj35  item6      Fast
## 1640  43.6473200      subj35  item8      Fast
## 1642  27.6206750      subj35 item10      Fast
## 1644  31.4885580      subj35 item12      Fast
## 1646  21.0224831      subj35 item14      Fast
## 1648  19.1497965      subj35 item16      Fast
## 1650  12.4903371      subj35 item18      Fast
## 1652  27.5795953      subj35 item20      Fast
## 1654  33.8790793      subj35 item22      Fast
## 1656  28.0324475      subj35 item24      Fast
## 1658  25.7280410      subj35 item26      Fast
## 1660  19.8101443      subj35 item28      Fast
## 1662  24.9823073      subj35 item30      Fast
## 1664  42.6958886      subj35 item32      Fast
## 1666  38.5025818      subj35 item34      Fast
## 1668  44.4801075      subj35 item36      Fast
## 1670  16.4304317      subj35 item38      Fast
## 1672  25.8874463      subj35 item40      Fast
## 1674  23.5713138      subj35 item42      Fast
## 1676  32.8906787      subj35 item44      Fast
## 1678  45.4566537      subj35 item46      Fast
## 1680  37.2268242      subj35 item48      Fast
## 1681  34.3224088      subj36  item1      Fast
## 1683  29.5032605      subj36  item3      Fast
## 1685  53.3932454      subj36  item5      Fast
## 1687  41.9829174      subj36  item7      Fast
## 1689  48.4063524      subj36  item9      Fast
## 1691  30.4163548      subj36 item11      Fast
## 1693  32.9865671      subj36 item13      Fast
## 1695  29.5740614      subj36 item15      Fast
## 1697  42.6535914      subj36 item17      Fast
## 1699  24.9212176      subj36 item19      Fast
## 1701  35.9962881      subj36 item21      Fast
## 1703  34.5547910      subj36 item23      Fast
## 1705  45.4482324      subj36 item25      Fast
## 1707  28.8499560      subj36 item27      Fast
## 1709  19.0037526      subj36 item29      Fast
## 1711  47.6493094      subj36 item31      Fast
## 1713  42.5319921      subj36 item33      Fast
## 1715  38.1538149      subj36 item35      Fast
## 1717  50.9439608      subj36 item37      Fast
## 1719  43.3142575      subj36 item39      Fast
## 1721  37.6941682      subj36 item41      Fast
## 1723  24.9772465      subj36 item43      Fast
## 1725  34.3254338      subj36 item45      Fast
## 1727  18.8095329      subj36 item47      Fast
## 1730  29.5018189      subj37  item2      Fast
## 1732  18.5373112      subj37  item4      Fast
## 1734  36.0551952      subj37  item6      Fast
## 1736  23.8551781      subj37  item8      Fast
## 1738  46.0816395      subj37 item10      Fast
## 1740  20.6171520      subj37 item12      Fast
## 1742  26.7778075      subj37 item14      Fast
## 1744  44.4493914      subj37 item16      Fast
## 1746  32.0027823      subj37 item18      Fast
## 1748  21.4706628      subj37 item20      Fast
## 1750  33.8220936      subj37 item22      Fast
## 1752  22.9614739      subj37 item24      Fast
## 1754  38.0883532      subj37 item26      Fast
## 1756  30.0252859      subj37 item28      Fast
## 1758   3.0910899      subj37 item30      Fast
## 1760  15.9693506      subj37 item32      Fast
## 1762  40.0713579      subj37 item34      Fast
## 1764  30.2842399      subj37 item36      Fast
## 1766  32.7790525      subj37 item38      Fast
## 1768  20.3892453      subj37 item40      Fast
## 1770  30.9104968      subj37 item42      Fast
## 1772  28.8872640      subj37 item44      Fast
## 1774  44.5194542      subj37 item46      Fast
## 1776  18.2482163      subj37 item48      Fast
## 1777  38.9434757      subj38  item1      Fast
## 1779  43.6332993      subj38  item3      Fast
## 1781  40.5135269      subj38  item5      Fast
## 1783  19.3641427      subj38  item7      Fast
## 1785  21.0947847      subj38  item9      Fast
## 1787  26.6268775      subj38 item11      Fast
## 1789   9.4365405      subj38 item13      Fast
## 1791   8.7410561      subj38 item15      Fast
## 1793  32.9586871      subj38 item17      Fast
## 1795  54.8728592      subj38 item19      Fast
## 1797  23.7032427      subj38 item21      Fast
## 1799  27.9077207      subj38 item23      Fast
## 1801  46.3788979      subj38 item25      Fast
## 1803  13.5273445      subj38 item27      Fast
## 1805  15.3245871      subj38 item29      Fast
## 1807  28.8221376      subj38 item31      Fast
## 1809  28.1753381      subj38 item33      Fast
## 1811  24.5079903      subj38 item35      Fast
## 1813  50.8704913      subj38 item37      Fast
## 1815  15.8379677      subj38 item39      Fast
## 1817  40.8744882      subj38 item41      Fast
## 1819  19.3192343      subj38 item43      Fast
## 1821  24.8290283      subj38 item45      Fast
## 1823  14.9609994      subj38 item47      Fast
## 1826  17.6861291      subj39  item2      Fast
## 1828  22.1522710      subj39  item4      Fast
## 1830  36.0280992      subj39  item6      Fast
## 1832  28.9725498      subj39  item8      Fast
## 1834  35.2129034      subj39 item10      Fast
## 1836  24.6921101      subj39 item12      Fast
## 1838  22.0850305      subj39 item14      Fast
## 1840  23.0626664      subj39 item16      Fast
## 1842  23.8257381      subj39 item18      Fast
## 1844  30.4847716      subj39 item20      Fast
## 1846  14.1254798      subj39 item22      Fast
## 1848  28.5962273      subj39 item24      Fast
## 1850  30.8299210      subj39 item26      Fast
## 1852  23.1643009      subj39 item28      Fast
## 1854  22.8389451      subj39 item30      Fast
## 1856  27.1327217      subj39 item32      Fast
## 1858  33.1929936      subj39 item34      Fast
## 1860  32.3496042      subj39 item36      Fast
## 1862  35.9951553      subj39 item38      Fast
## 1864  28.2086841      subj39 item40      Fast
## 1866  20.1004248      subj39 item42      Fast
## 1868  34.7364173      subj39 item44      Fast
## 1870  46.5593697      subj39 item46      Fast
## 1872  24.2407838      subj39 item48      Fast
## 1873  23.8467025      subj40  item1      Fast
## 1875  32.6537367      subj40  item3      Fast
## 1877  44.4885490      subj40  item5      Fast
## 1879  36.7616674      subj40  item7      Fast
## 1881  35.1322184      subj40  item9      Fast
## 1883  14.7527398      subj40 item11      Fast
## 1885  26.8713006      subj40 item13      Fast
## 1887  27.2368275      subj40 item15      Fast
## 1889  48.3640344      subj40 item17      Fast
## 1891  45.6400772      subj40 item19      Fast
## 1893  29.6963594      subj40 item21      Fast
## 1895  32.8091400      subj40 item23      Fast
## 1897  41.8395542      subj40 item25      Fast
## 1899  47.4266093      subj40 item27      Fast
## 1901  17.7979641      subj40 item29      Fast
## 1903  42.4579294      subj40 item31      Fast
## 1905  45.2648758      subj40 item33      Fast
## 1907  30.7879707      subj40 item35      Fast
## 1909  36.2297577      subj40 item37      Fast
## 1911  17.6320705      subj40 item39      Fast
## 1913  34.0361270      subj40 item41      Fast
## 1915  27.5696551      subj40 item43      Fast
## 1917  37.1656295      subj40 item45      Fast
## 1919  20.3792918      subj40 item47      Fast
## 1922  27.2386425      subj41  item2      Fast
## 1924  -2.6405702      subj41  item4      Fast
## 1926  41.1121914      subj41  item6      Fast
## 1928  14.4679563      subj41  item8      Fast
## 1930  19.9592747      subj41 item10      Fast
## 1932  34.8328033      subj41 item12      Fast
## 1934  14.3492343      subj41 item14      Fast
## 1936  35.5805132      subj41 item16      Fast
## 1938  24.7712827      subj41 item18      Fast
## 1940  33.0904333      subj41 item20      Fast
## 1942  15.1378433      subj41 item22      Fast
## 1944  11.0357971      subj41 item24      Fast
## 1946  16.2643764      subj41 item26      Fast
## 1948  24.8526776      subj41 item28      Fast
## 1950  20.2443177      subj41 item30      Fast
## 1952  25.1099075      subj41 item32      Fast
## 1954  35.2326599      subj41 item34      Fast
## 1956  39.1309401      subj41 item36      Fast
## 1958  11.5240763      subj41 item38      Fast
## 1960  20.2072879      subj41 item40      Fast
## 1962  28.2955360      subj41 item42      Fast
## 1964  29.4320310      subj41 item44      Fast
## 1966  38.8466417      subj41 item46      Fast
## 1968  18.4416454      subj41 item48      Fast
## 1969  31.9187503      subj42  item1      Fast
## 1971  16.9005853      subj42  item3      Fast
## 1973  36.8502491      subj42  item5      Fast
## 1975  36.0866156      subj42  item7      Fast
## 1977  32.8564448      subj42  item9      Fast
## 1979  32.1450830      subj42 item11      Fast
## 1981  23.3102180      subj42 item13      Fast
## 1983  13.6707902      subj42 item15      Fast
## 1985  34.3089809      subj42 item17      Fast
## 1987  25.6408696      subj42 item19      Fast
## 1989  30.8855847      subj42 item21      Fast
## 1991  43.5634178      subj42 item23      Fast
## 1993  17.6455607      subj42 item25      Fast
## 1995  27.3348963      subj42 item27      Fast
## 1997  16.8609255      subj42 item29      Fast
## 1999  32.6613305      subj42 item31      Fast
## 2001  45.7474358      subj42 item33      Fast
## 2003  35.9174429      subj42 item35      Fast
## 2005  34.6730007      subj42 item37      Fast
## 2007  18.5995947      subj42 item39      Fast
## 2009  42.1578329      subj42 item41      Fast
## 2011  17.5943085      subj42 item43      Fast
## 2013  37.1168327      subj42 item45      Fast
## 2015  26.9330195      subj42 item47      Fast
## 2018  30.2324184      subj43  item2      Fast
## 2020  17.7898245      subj43  item4      Fast
## 2022  35.1570903      subj43  item6      Fast
## 2024  24.4178847      subj43  item8      Fast
## 2026  30.8865206      subj43 item10      Fast
## 2028  35.7594334      subj43 item12      Fast
## 2030  27.9797114      subj43 item14      Fast
## 2032  31.8338472      subj43 item16      Fast
## 2034  31.4548309      subj43 item18      Fast
## 2036  30.4598953      subj43 item20      Fast
## 2038  44.2248950      subj43 item22      Fast
## 2040  27.6872032      subj43 item24      Fast
## 2042  15.4042881      subj43 item26      Fast
## 2044  35.4393990      subj43 item28      Fast
## 2046  28.1889415      subj43 item30      Fast
## 2048  24.0769111      subj43 item32      Fast
## 2050  26.9726672      subj43 item34      Fast
## 2052  24.8310572      subj43 item36      Fast
## 2054  43.7642575      subj43 item38      Fast
## 2056  20.0067910      subj43 item40      Fast
## 2058  30.9538917      subj43 item42      Fast
## 2060  30.7284403      subj43 item44      Fast
## 2062  42.0046518      subj43 item46      Fast
## 2064  20.0779636      subj43 item48      Fast
## 2065  45.8627204      subj44  item1      Fast
## 2067  29.2078560      subj44  item3      Fast
## 2069  54.1858506      subj44  item5      Fast
## 2071  17.1598325      subj44  item7      Fast
## 2073  44.8146835      subj44  item9      Fast
## 2075  25.4783809      subj44 item11      Fast
## 2077  25.6168907      subj44 item13      Fast
## 2079  35.1834169      subj44 item15      Fast
## 2081  46.7898592      subj44 item17      Fast
## 2083  34.9901644      subj44 item19      Fast
## 2085  32.0703569      subj44 item21      Fast
## 2087  30.4407743      subj44 item23      Fast
## 2089  49.2123430      subj44 item25      Fast
## 2091  36.8078310      subj44 item27      Fast
## 2093  13.8481584      subj44 item29      Fast
## 2095  38.9649507      subj44 item31      Fast
## 2097  41.6562410      subj44 item33      Fast
## 2099  48.8887187      subj44 item35      Fast
## 2101  50.0916430      subj44 item37      Fast
## 2103  35.0659161      subj44 item39      Fast
## 2105  35.2623560      subj44 item41      Fast
## 2107  32.7838509      subj44 item43      Fast
## 2109  26.7482496      subj44 item45      Fast
## 2111  24.0398871      subj44 item47      Fast
## 2114  31.4253407      subj45  item2      Fast
## 2116  15.3074343      subj45  item4      Fast
## 2118  38.8729819      subj45  item6      Fast
## 2120  43.3193699      subj45  item8      Fast
## 2122  33.5179986      subj45 item10      Fast
## 2124  35.0986932      subj45 item12      Fast
## 2126  17.7345160      subj45 item14      Fast
## 2128  34.1863246      subj45 item16      Fast
## 2130  23.0452545      subj45 item18      Fast
## 2132  31.4608783      subj45 item20      Fast
## 2134  21.6887699      subj45 item22      Fast
## 2136  27.4431842      subj45 item24      Fast
## 2138  37.9579933      subj45 item26      Fast
## 2140  36.5816890      subj45 item28      Fast
## 2142  24.6584695      subj45 item30      Fast
## 2144  35.2800369      subj45 item32      Fast
## 2146  31.1483373      subj45 item34      Fast
## 2148  24.4042133      subj45 item36      Fast
## 2150  35.8223470      subj45 item38      Fast
## 2152   5.8657245      subj45 item40      Fast
## 2154  29.8173336      subj45 item42      Fast
## 2156  18.8499116      subj45 item44      Fast
## 2158  32.3473326      subj45 item46      Fast
## 2160  14.8714704      subj45 item48      Fast
## 2161  31.5091138      subj46  item1      Fast
## 2163  49.1860198      subj46  item3      Fast
## 2165  48.6001874      subj46  item5      Fast
## 2167  40.7062983      subj46  item7      Fast
## 2169  36.8891372      subj46  item9      Fast
## 2171  41.4965246      subj46 item11      Fast
## 2173  14.2369104      subj46 item13      Fast
## 2175  21.3739440      subj46 item15      Fast
## 2177  47.5224402      subj46 item17      Fast
## 2179  26.7114178      subj46 item19      Fast
## 2181  49.4516006      subj46 item21      Fast
## 2183  31.7621753      subj46 item23      Fast
## 2185  41.6146238      subj46 item25      Fast
## 2187  25.1278764      subj46 item27      Fast
## 2189  30.4363700      subj46 item29      Fast
## 2191  34.7900405      subj46 item31      Fast
## 2193  51.5826383      subj46 item33      Fast
## 2195  38.3543394      subj46 item35      Fast
## 2197  64.3938996      subj46 item37      Fast
## 2199  41.3891456      subj46 item39      Fast
## 2201  42.4467040      subj46 item41      Fast
## 2203  27.1507827      subj46 item43      Fast
## 2205  19.8466204      subj46 item45      Fast
## 2207  26.9730248      subj46 item47      Fast
## 2210  34.0930314      subj47  item2      Fast
## 2212  23.2771781      subj47  item4      Fast
## 2214  31.0116393      subj47  item6      Fast
## 2216  15.3680023      subj47  item8      Fast
## 2218  40.2423112      subj47 item10      Fast
## 2220  29.3251567      subj47 item12      Fast
## 2222  37.4419171      subj47 item14      Fast
## 2224  36.3116080      subj47 item16      Fast
## 2226  24.7328672      subj47 item18      Fast
## 2228  29.5092091      subj47 item20      Fast
## 2230  33.3570588      subj47 item22      Fast
## 2232  43.1240986      subj47 item24      Fast
## 2234  18.9981360      subj47 item26      Fast
## 2236  42.7849996      subj47 item28      Fast
## 2238  26.1800121      subj47 item30      Fast
## 2240  28.0043117      subj47 item32      Fast
## 2242  39.8343780      subj47 item34      Fast
## 2244  32.3005631      subj47 item36      Fast
## 2246  20.3390801      subj47 item38      Fast
## 2248  16.9638306      subj47 item40      Fast
## 2250  32.0269211      subj47 item42      Fast
## 2252  11.4996289      subj47 item44      Fast
## 2254  43.1572382      subj47 item46      Fast
## 2256   8.5504593      subj47 item48      Fast
## 2257  25.9828082      subj48  item1      Fast
## 2259  17.0512401      subj48  item3      Fast
## 2261  28.6968239      subj48  item5      Fast
## 2263  20.5069729      subj48  item7      Fast
## 2265  20.6526363      subj48  item9      Fast
## 2267  15.6773027      subj48 item11      Fast
## 2269  16.0045289      subj48 item13      Fast
## 2271  15.7180641      subj48 item15      Fast
## 2273  19.1758697      subj48 item17      Fast
## 2275  23.6661886      subj48 item19      Fast
## 2277  25.7492534      subj48 item21      Fast
## 2279  12.4980301      subj48 item23      Fast
## 2281  19.5647234      subj48 item25      Fast
## 2283  14.8144273      subj48 item27      Fast
## 2285   3.4446468      subj48 item29      Fast
## 2287  21.1210974      subj48 item31      Fast
## 2289  27.1370678      subj48 item33      Fast
## 2291  21.7887120      subj48 item35      Fast
## 2293  29.6468192      subj48 item37      Fast
## 2295  -0.5659601      subj48 item39      Fast
## 2297  18.4791899      subj48 item41      Fast
## 2299  20.0346876      subj48 item43      Fast
## 2301  17.7856395      subj48 item45      Fast
## 2303  15.0659636      subj48 item47      Fast

Looking at data

Using the pipe %>% to combine functions

my_data %>%
  first_do(args) %>%
  then_do(args)
my_data %>%
  subset(Condition=="Fast") %>%
  head()
##         VOT Participant   Item Condition
## 2  39.11875       subj1  item2      Fast
## 4  30.46931       subj1  item4      Fast
## 6  37.17107       subj1  item6      Fast
## 8  46.98071       subj1  item8      Fast
## 10 28.47370       subj1 item10      Fast
## 12 38.35844       subj1 item12      Fast

Tidyverse

“The tidyverse is an opinionated collection of R packages designed for data science. All packages share an underlying design philosophy, grammar, and data structures.” www.tidyverse.org

  • Changed the game of R coding
  • Much more intuitive syntax (IMHO); more “english-like”
  • BUT not everyone likes it. Sometimes makes things easier, sometimes makes things more complicated.
  • We’ll be using both
  • Core packages of the tidyverse: ggplot2, dplyr, tidyr, readr, stringr…

Tidy data & the Tidyverse

Disclaimer

  • We will cover both base R and the Tidyverse

Getting started: R Projects

Application

Open 1_prep_data.R from today’s materials.

Rmarkdown

RStudio’s “What is R Markdown” Video

The goal of today’s workshop is to establish a workflow for using the rmarkdown package to “knit” together R code and text to create summary documents.

It might seem kind of odd to launch into a workflow that ties together R code and other stuff before we’ve actually had a chance to learn any R code, but here’s the rationale:

  1. 🛠 Foundational skill: R Markdown document creations can serve as a way to document the rest of our skills. At each workshop, we’ll create another R Markdown document (extension .Rmd) to log the skills we worked on and any notes you’d like to keep for yourself. In this way, this skill is foundational.
  2. 🙌 Instant gratification! R Markdown documents can be rendered without much working knowledge of R at all. It’s a lovely thing when you can get something up and running RIGHT AWAY

Markdown

Markdown refers to a set of conventions for editing plain text. With markdown syntax, you write as you normally would in a text editor or word processor, but you signal text formatting with certain characters. Markdown (which is distinguished from markUP language) is designed to be easily readable, easy to write, and easy to learn.

*italic*
**bold**
**italic and bold!***

# First level header
## Second level header
## Third level header

1. the first item on a numbered list
2. the second item on a numbered list

- the first item on a bulleted list
- the second item on a bulleted list
  - item 2a
  
Tables look like this: 

First Header  | Second Header
------------- | -------------
Content Cell  | Content Cell
Content Cell  | Content Cell

Code chunks

More advanced

  • inline R code

Getting unstuck

  • Google your errors!
  • Google “how to use XX package in r”
  • Search Twitter (#rstats)

Resources