Goals
- Learn the basics of the R programming language
- Learn the basics of Markdown writing
- Learn how to combine R code and markdown text to create RMarkdown documents
Outcomes
- TBD
- Create RMarkdown summary document of things we learned today!
07/03/2020
Overview
Don’t worry
p.s. Allison Horst’s R illustrations are amaaaazing and I will be using them throughout.The funniest thing about this is that the time scale could be one day or the past 5 years.
— C.B. Standelmore (@bankingonbardo) December 4, 2019
R & R Studio Recap
R Studio Recap
Console and script panes in RStudio
- Console: Run code, see print outs, see warnings, messages, and errors
- Source: Run code from a script. Multiple scripts can be open at once.
Markdown
What is “Markdown?”
- Simple syntax that allows you to add tags to plain text to format it
- Originally designed to be HTML replacement
- Easier to learn and easier to read
- “Minimalist writing system”
R Markdown
What is R Markdown?
https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/
- Integrate R code directly into your writing using basic Markdown syntax
- Reference management integration
- Reproducibility
- Accessible learning curve
R Markdown
We’re going to make this today!
Intro to 
What can you do with R code?
Use it like a calculator
3 + 2
## [1] 5
10^4
## [1] 10000
4*100
## [1] 400
What can you do with R code?
Print information to the console
print("Hello!")
## [1] "Hello!"
print(3*5)
## [1] 15
What can you do with R code?
Create new objects
Read the following as “x is equal to 5”
x <- 5
And we can now type x in the console to see its value
x
## [1] 5
x is now a variable that is set to the value of the number 5.
Variables
Variable: a symbol that stores/represents some other value or set of values.
Think of variables as containers.
Variable assignment
Variables get assigned their value in R with a left arrow <-
Numeric variables represent numbers
x <- 5
This means the value of the variable we have named x is equal to 5.
String variables represent “strings” of text. Text has to be enclosed in quotes ""
my_var <- "hello"
This means the value of the variable my_var is equal to the text “hello”.
Variable assignment
Variables don’t just hold numbers and text - they can hold sets of numbers/text, lists of various kinds of information, and whole data sets!
When you create a new variable in R, you will see it in your Environment pane.
What do I name my variables?
Best practices in naming your variables
In R, it’s pretty flexible. Not as flexible in other languages (*cough* Praat *cough*)
Some suggestions
Try your best to…
- Be descriptive
- Be consistent in your content
- Be consistent in your case (camel/snake/etc)
i_like_snake_case but some people likeCamelCase and others may like-kabob-case,
Variable names: Choose your case
https://github.com/allisonhorst/stats-illustrations
Variable names: Not okay
General rules:
| Not allowed | Why |
|---|---|
| 1abc | Starts with a number |
| intelligibility% | Contains a special character like !@#$%^&*, etc. |
| .1my_var | Starts with a period followed by a number (.1 |
| _my_var | Starts with an underscore (_) |
| special characters | Some words have special meaning to R and you shouldn’t overwrite them (e.g., “mean”) |
Variable names: Better
| Allowed | Good because | Bad because |
|---|---|---|
| x | short, lowercase | Not meaningful |
| intelligibility_scores | meaningful, easy to remember | Takes a long time to type |
| int_mean | meaningful, short | 🤷 |
| int_mean_pd, int_mean_hc | meaningful, shortish, descriptive | A bit long |
Beware of typos!
my_var <- 5 My_var
## Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object 'My_var' not found
myVar
## Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object 'myVar' not found
my_var
## [1] 5
But will I break it?
Try it!
Numeric variables
In your console, do the following:
- Create a variable x and assign it a value of some number
- Create a variable of y and assign it a value of some other number
- Create some other variable (name it whatever you like!) and assign it a value of yet another number
String variables
In your console, do the following:
- Create a variable
aand assign it a value of some text (don’t forget to enclose the text in quotes!) - Create a variable
band assign it a value of some other text - Create a variable with another name and assign it yet another text value
Types of data
- Numeric
- Integers (whole numbers)
- Strings: collection of characters
- e.g., “abc”, “the rainbow is a division of white light”
- numbers and other non-letter characters can also be treated as strings
- Factors: categorical variables. Make up a finite set
- e.g., “Blue” “Green” “Red”
- Logicals: special kind of factor that only has two values
- TRUE vs FALSE, 0 vs 1
Types of data structures
- Data frames: collections of vectors
- Vectors: collection of similar elements (numbers, characters, factors, etc..)
- Matrices
- Lists
- Arrays
Comments
- In R code, any line of code preceded by a hashmark (#) is not evaluated (i.e., it’s ignored)
- You can write notes to your future self this way
# Set x equal to 0 x <- 0 # Now add 1 to the value of x y <- x+1
R Packages & Libraries
Packages are bundles of code written to do (typically) specific sets of functions
- Some packages are automatically downloaded and loaded into your workspace when you install R
- Others you have to explicitly download
- Many packages are hosted on CRAN - this is the official “home” of peer-approved packages
- These can be installed using the function
install.packages().
- These can be installed using the function
install.packages("tidyverse")
- Other packages are not hosted on CRAN - many of these are excellent, but some may be less reliable.
- Many of these are hosted on GitHub.com
- These usually have to be installed using a function
install_github()which is part of thedevtoolspackage.
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("hadley/emo")
For example: To install the emo package from Hadley Wickham’s Github page:
Libraries
- Libraries in R refer to where the packages are stored. When you install a new package, it gets automatically saved to a particular location (you don’t need to specify where). When you want to use the contents/functions of a package, you need to “load the library” using the
library()function.
# load the tidyverse package # expect a bunch of output messages (this is normal) library(tidyverse)
## ── Attaching packages ────────────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.3.0 ──
## ✓ ggplot2 3.2.1 ✓ purrr 0.3.3 ## ✓ tibble 2.1.3 ✓ dplyr 0.8.3 ## ✓ tidyr 1.0.0 ✓ stringr 1.4.0 ## ✓ readr 1.3.1 ✓ forcats 0.4.0
## ── Conflicts ───────────────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ── ## x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter() ## x dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
- If you ask R to load a package you don’t have installed, or make a typo in the package name, R will yell at you (give you an error):
# Typo! what happens? R yells at you. library(tidverse)
## Error in library(tidverse): there is no package called 'tidverse'
Functions
Functions: A certain named format of code that outlines a procedure. Often this allows several lines of code to be executed with a single line of code (by using the name of the function)
- In other words, functions are actions.
- Most functions take arguments
- What do you want to act on?
Calling functions
function_name(argument1, argument2, …)
- In R Studio, if you start typing the name of a function and hit tab, you will get a pop up with possible options.
- Within the () of the function, pressing tab will help you add the arguments.
Looking at data: A spreadsheet perspective
Most of us are used to looking at data in the form of a spreadsheet.
- Named columns with many rows
- Each row usually represents one observation
See simulated_vot_data.csv
Looking at data: A spreadsheet perspective
My usual workflow:
- Collect data in spreadsheet
- Load spreadsheet data into R
- Do all other data manipulation and analyses in R
Looking at data
A spreadsheet perspective
In R, data often are stored in data_frames.
Columns stored in variables named with the column header name
To access individual columns, use the $ operator
my_data$Participant
Looking at data
Take a peak
To peak at the first 6 rows of the data, use the head() function
head(my_data)
## VOT Participant Item Condition ## 1 43.37020 subj1 item1 Slow ## 2 39.11875 subj1 item2 Fast ## 3 34.18235 subj1 item3 Slow ## 4 30.46931 subj1 item4 Fast ## 5 19.98014 subj1 item5 Slow ## 6 37.17107 subj1 item6 Fast
Looking at data
Subsetting
We can also look at subsets of data
subset(my_data, Condition=="Fast")
## VOT Participant Item Condition ## 2 39.1187515 subj1 item2 Fast ## 4 30.4693097 subj1 item4 Fast ## 6 37.1710733 subj1 item6 Fast ## 8 46.9807138 subj1 item8 Fast ## 10 28.4736995 subj1 item10 Fast ## 12 38.3584361 subj1 item12 Fast ## 14 26.1054615 subj1 item14 Fast ## 16 31.6125367 subj1 item16 Fast ## 18 47.1704913 subj1 item18 Fast ## 20 41.2946820 subj1 item20 Fast ## 22 31.3528478 subj1 item22 Fast ## 24 34.6233935 subj1 item24 Fast ## 26 26.7056101 subj1 item26 Fast ## 28 38.3367957 subj1 item28 Fast ## 30 21.5010941 subj1 item30 Fast ## 32 17.7997123 subj1 item32 Fast ## 34 48.2864751 subj1 item34 Fast ## 36 36.3928832 subj1 item36 Fast ## 38 56.9276016 subj1 item38 Fast ## 40 28.0012031 subj1 item40 Fast ## 42 33.4142650 subj1 item42 Fast ## 44 38.0697383 subj1 item44 Fast ## 46 50.9564954 subj1 item46 Fast ## 48 32.5518577 subj1 item48 Fast ## 49 29.3206529 subj2 item1 Fast ## 51 21.2841500 subj2 item3 Fast ## 53 29.4179335 subj2 item5 Fast ## 55 30.4957624 subj2 item7 Fast ## 57 22.1002693 subj2 item9 Fast ## 59 29.0818474 subj2 item11 Fast ## 61 17.8279327 subj2 item13 Fast ## 63 15.9009109 subj2 item15 Fast ## 65 35.2713052 subj2 item17 Fast ## 67 28.0021078 subj2 item19 Fast ## 69 32.2871064 subj2 item21 Fast ## 71 28.7219209 subj2 item23 Fast ## 73 37.0326394 subj2 item25 Fast ## 75 15.2235918 subj2 item27 Fast ## 77 -2.3416104 subj2 item29 Fast ## 79 36.6257309 subj2 item31 Fast ## 81 26.8459323 subj2 item33 Fast ## 83 20.7730262 subj2 item35 Fast ## 85 28.4177777 subj2 item37 Fast ## 87 16.8227361 subj2 item39 Fast ## 89 21.9097718 subj2 item41 Fast ## 91 19.0755636 subj2 item43 Fast ## 93 24.5248267 subj2 item45 Fast ## 95 32.9489179 subj2 item47 Fast ## 98 31.5722678 subj3 item2 Fast ## 100 20.0571571 subj3 item4 Fast ## 102 43.3411045 subj3 item6 Fast ## 104 29.7857064 subj3 item8 Fast ## 106 38.7722135 subj3 item10 Fast ## 108 14.4175027 subj3 item12 Fast ## 110 11.9849753 subj3 item14 Fast ## 112 38.6867930 subj3 item16 Fast ## 114 23.9410291 subj3 item18 Fast ## 116 16.5341639 subj3 item20 Fast ## 118 39.6985758 subj3 item22 Fast ## 120 24.5894456 subj3 item24 Fast ## 122 34.6139823 subj3 item26 Fast ## 124 36.8627060 subj3 item28 Fast ## 126 23.3114582 subj3 item30 Fast ## 128 32.2984381 subj3 item32 Fast ## 130 46.2213241 subj3 item34 Fast ## 132 43.6100379 subj3 item36 Fast ## 134 36.3475811 subj3 item38 Fast ## 136 20.8872038 subj3 item40 Fast ## 138 25.5312942 subj3 item42 Fast ## 140 28.5429025 subj3 item44 Fast ## 142 39.3291885 subj3 item46 Fast ## 144 10.6126329 subj3 item48 Fast ## 145 32.4185321 subj4 item1 Fast ## 147 27.1989960 subj4 item3 Fast ## 149 48.4495181 subj4 item5 Fast ## 151 38.0043499 subj4 item7 Fast ## 153 26.3256183 subj4 item9 Fast ## 155 41.1627172 subj4 item11 Fast ## 157 29.0116679 subj4 item13 Fast ## 159 25.0019523 subj4 item15 Fast ## 161 32.0095497 subj4 item17 Fast ## 163 37.6003147 subj4 item19 Fast ## 165 50.4163552 subj4 item21 Fast ## 167 27.6264143 subj4 item23 Fast ## 169 38.0839459 subj4 item25 Fast ## 171 28.0687434 subj4 item27 Fast ## 173 18.4040870 subj4 item29 Fast ## 175 24.9782672 subj4 item31 Fast ## 177 41.7930294 subj4 item33 Fast ## 179 39.5678177 subj4 item35 Fast ## 181 35.4288194 subj4 item37 Fast ## 183 18.0748788 subj4 item39 Fast ## 185 48.2035804 subj4 item41 Fast ## 187 34.0192619 subj4 item43 Fast ## 189 36.4375709 subj4 item45 Fast ## 191 20.1860873 subj4 item47 Fast ## 194 44.7606225 subj5 item2 Fast ## 196 19.0884304 subj5 item4 Fast ## 198 34.2091834 subj5 item6 Fast ## 200 52.3252843 subj5 item8 Fast ## 202 38.3316497 subj5 item10 Fast ## 204 28.6307976 subj5 item12 Fast ## 206 32.3434902 subj5 item14 Fast ## 208 29.3081094 subj5 item16 Fast ## 210 28.4431413 subj5 item18 Fast ## 212 61.7186165 subj5 item20 Fast ## 214 36.3350311 subj5 item22 Fast ## 216 39.4432113 subj5 item24 Fast ## 218 43.0069819 subj5 item26 Fast ## 220 50.7277897 subj5 item28 Fast ## 222 43.4051261 subj5 item30 Fast ## 224 37.7203785 subj5 item32 Fast ## 226 34.9556889 subj5 item34 Fast ## 228 23.5150285 subj5 item36 Fast ## 230 35.7969374 subj5 item38 Fast ## 232 19.7100998 subj5 item40 Fast ## 234 41.0772751 subj5 item42 Fast ## 236 31.8061063 subj5 item44 Fast ## 238 41.9915856 subj5 item46 Fast ## 240 41.6470768 subj5 item48 Fast ## 241 22.1611165 subj6 item1 Fast ## 243 9.4105343 subj6 item3 Fast ## 245 28.4888169 subj6 item5 Fast ## 247 30.5016416 subj6 item7 Fast ## 249 26.7853152 subj6 item9 Fast ## 251 26.6226735 subj6 item11 Fast ## 253 11.4006883 subj6 item13 Fast ## 255 4.9802793 subj6 item15 Fast ## 257 16.3408217 subj6 item17 Fast ## 259 39.6987352 subj6 item19 Fast ## 261 7.9678986 subj6 item21 Fast ## 263 38.5046400 subj6 item23 Fast ## 265 29.8843582 subj6 item25 Fast ## 267 -4.3362605 subj6 item27 Fast ## 269 -15.7166370 subj6 item29 Fast ## 271 17.1106820 subj6 item31 Fast ## 273 24.7932227 subj6 item33 Fast ## 275 28.0088634 subj6 item35 Fast ## 277 34.2306507 subj6 item37 Fast ## 279 16.7490147 subj6 item39 Fast ## 281 22.1960835 subj6 item41 Fast ## 283 14.8206189 subj6 item43 Fast ## 285 24.4894034 subj6 item45 Fast ## 287 9.9369803 subj6 item47 Fast ## 290 31.2662699 subj7 item2 Fast ## 292 24.3856645 subj7 item4 Fast ## 294 20.6116870 subj7 item6 Fast ## 296 37.8006957 subj7 item8 Fast ## 298 30.0330709 subj7 item10 Fast ## 300 35.6762325 subj7 item12 Fast ## 302 22.1441589 subj7 item14 Fast ## 304 25.8702356 subj7 item16 Fast ## 306 18.2607581 subj7 item18 Fast ## 308 34.0621707 subj7 item20 Fast ## 310 36.8429159 subj7 item22 Fast ## 312 36.5147810 subj7 item24 Fast ## 314 31.9192530 subj7 item26 Fast ## 316 50.1754442 subj7 item28 Fast ## 318 30.7638996 subj7 item30 Fast ## 320 43.5067322 subj7 item32 Fast ## 322 33.3147231 subj7 item34 Fast ## 324 32.6898469 subj7 item36 Fast ## 326 29.9022203 subj7 item38 Fast ## 328 28.4656643 subj7 item40 Fast ## 330 33.7053548 subj7 item42 Fast ## 332 24.8244380 subj7 item44 Fast ## 334 17.3613409 subj7 item46 Fast ## 336 20.3664053 subj7 item48 Fast ## 337 36.1802024 subj8 item1 Fast ## 339 29.5631247 subj8 item3 Fast ## 341 32.9834033 subj8 item5 Fast ## 343 29.0293532 subj8 item7 Fast ## 345 25.6292333 subj8 item9 Fast ## 347 29.1229333 subj8 item11 Fast ## 349 42.6908316 subj8 item13 Fast ## 351 20.3291894 subj8 item15 Fast ## 353 31.3344446 subj8 item17 Fast ## 355 35.2385677 subj8 item19 Fast ## 357 43.5305027 subj8 item21 Fast ## 359 23.7307810 subj8 item23 Fast ## 361 40.8957234 subj8 item25 Fast ## 363 15.7140845 subj8 item27 Fast ## 365 13.1858739 subj8 item29 Fast ## 367 18.3601571 subj8 item31 Fast ## 369 39.1582697 subj8 item33 Fast ## 371 19.0174064 subj8 item35 Fast ## 373 38.5633846 subj8 item37 Fast ## 375 30.3408026 subj8 item39 Fast ## 377 27.7182364 subj8 item41 Fast ## 379 -8.2686150 subj8 item43 Fast ## 381 24.3418947 subj8 item45 Fast ## 383 14.6412913 subj8 item47 Fast ## 386 37.3635421 subj9 item2 Fast ## 388 22.3762529 subj9 item4 Fast ## 390 24.7067488 subj9 item6 Fast ## 392 24.3086290 subj9 item8 Fast ## 394 43.2060159 subj9 item10 Fast ## 396 25.4891852 subj9 item12 Fast ## 398 19.6024136 subj9 item14 Fast ## 400 27.8894153 subj9 item16 Fast ## 402 18.8797007 subj9 item18 Fast ## 404 24.4473829 subj9 item20 Fast ## 406 23.0081995 subj9 item22 Fast ## 408 13.3741259 subj9 item24 Fast ## 410 23.3255327 subj9 item26 Fast ## 412 30.8559039 subj9 item28 Fast ## 414 11.7043132 subj9 item30 Fast ## 416 32.9942811 subj9 item32 Fast ## 418 24.4684072 subj9 item34 Fast ## 420 31.6932132 subj9 item36 Fast ## 422 25.0817767 subj9 item38 Fast ## 424 16.4490114 subj9 item40 Fast ## 426 31.3999564 subj9 item42 Fast ## 428 33.5414974 subj9 item44 Fast ## 430 23.3735836 subj9 item46 Fast ## 432 33.4041071 subj9 item48 Fast ## 433 41.6636023 subj10 item1 Fast ## 435 39.6171809 subj10 item3 Fast ## 437 48.5279848 subj10 item5 Fast ## 439 31.2758629 subj10 item7 Fast ## 441 20.4618222 subj10 item9 Fast ## 443 32.4312535 subj10 item11 Fast ## 445 25.6495049 subj10 item13 Fast ## 447 24.6292637 subj10 item15 Fast ## 449 32.6100716 subj10 item17 Fast ## 451 48.1627761 subj10 item19 Fast ## 453 49.3605917 subj10 item21 Fast ## 455 35.2928966 subj10 item23 Fast ## 457 40.7380586 subj10 item25 Fast ## 459 24.8291558 subj10 item27 Fast ## 461 5.7194502 subj10 item29 Fast ## 463 33.3837787 subj10 item31 Fast ## 465 47.2324174 subj10 item33 Fast ## 467 30.2970734 subj10 item35 Fast ## 469 53.5966579 subj10 item37 Fast ## 471 24.6279002 subj10 item39 Fast ## 473 41.3164352 subj10 item41 Fast ## 475 30.1673769 subj10 item43 Fast ## 477 42.2430524 subj10 item45 Fast ## 479 31.7817443 subj10 item47 Fast ## 482 31.0903219 subj11 item2 Fast ## 484 28.0168309 subj11 item4 Fast ## 486 27.3264756 subj11 item6 Fast ## 488 25.6890104 subj11 item8 Fast ## 490 13.6170653 subj11 item10 Fast ## 492 11.0422651 subj11 item12 Fast ## 494 13.6189390 subj11 item14 Fast ## 496 25.7031288 subj11 item16 Fast ## 498 12.3673890 subj11 item18 Fast ## 500 21.0060348 subj11 item20 Fast ## 502 7.0610707 subj11 item22 Fast ## 504 32.0838451 subj11 item24 Fast ## 506 32.5848336 subj11 item26 Fast ## 508 22.2927875 subj11 item28 Fast ## 510 8.9932692 subj11 item30 Fast ## 512 23.5187504 subj11 item32 Fast ## 514 26.9831743 subj11 item34 Fast ## 516 33.0429793 subj11 item36 Fast ## 518 22.3315740 subj11 item38 Fast ## 520 23.7290180 subj11 item40 Fast ## 522 32.7441562 subj11 item42 Fast ## 524 10.4818293 subj11 item44 Fast ## 526 23.4803436 subj11 item46 Fast ## 528 14.5240680 subj11 item48 Fast ## 529 26.8079920 subj12 item1 Fast ## 531 29.6524171 subj12 item3 Fast ## 533 38.3287407 subj12 item5 Fast ## 535 34.1245486 subj12 item7 Fast ## 537 34.1309452 subj12 item9 Fast ## 539 27.0018360 subj12 item11 Fast ## 541 11.1474774 subj12 item13 Fast ## 543 23.2321828 subj12 item15 Fast ## 545 31.1748889 subj12 item17 Fast ## 547 21.5589320 subj12 item19 Fast ## 549 30.0096590 subj12 item21 Fast ## 551 36.4091986 subj12 item23 Fast ## 553 41.9897692 subj12 item25 Fast ## 555 31.2704755 subj12 item27 Fast ## 557 29.9077536 subj12 item29 Fast ## 559 10.6940076 subj12 item31 Fast ## 561 39.6091469 subj12 item33 Fast ## 563 42.9459643 subj12 item35 Fast ## 565 52.1153546 subj12 item37 Fast ## 567 31.4886422 subj12 item39 Fast ## 569 20.9983379 subj12 item41 Fast ## 571 32.7191356 subj12 item43 Fast ## 573 42.7215387 subj12 item45 Fast ## 575 6.8065874 subj12 item47 Fast ## 578 43.5885316 subj13 item2 Fast ## 580 21.7650147 subj13 item4 Fast ## 582 47.1256019 subj13 item6 Fast ## 584 41.5198792 subj13 item8 Fast ## 586 43.5139956 subj13 item10 Fast ## 588 40.7948665 subj13 item12 Fast ## 590 41.0779606 subj13 item14 Fast ## 592 54.2635401 subj13 item16 Fast ## 594 44.4507276 subj13 item18 Fast ## 596 35.5716505 subj13 item20 Fast ## 598 43.2337119 subj13 item22 Fast ## 600 45.2438785 subj13 item24 Fast ## 602 20.7120566 subj13 item26 Fast ## 604 35.3995468 subj13 item28 Fast ## 606 35.7962519 subj13 item30 Fast ## 608 45.4790214 subj13 item32 Fast ## 610 43.1459942 subj13 item34 Fast ## 612 37.9313919 subj13 item36 Fast ## 614 36.4895399 subj13 item38 Fast ## 616 50.2424387 subj13 item40 Fast ## 618 34.8735741 subj13 item42 Fast ## 620 39.1924362 subj13 item44 Fast ## 622 51.3710069 subj13 item46 Fast ## 624 34.9746788 subj13 item48 Fast ## 625 36.6955908 subj14 item1 Fast ## 627 25.9911764 subj14 item3 Fast ## 629 34.8153958 subj14 item5 Fast ## 631 40.5824169 subj14 item7 Fast ## 633 31.4060855 subj14 item9 Fast ## 635 34.7554814 subj14 item11 Fast ## 637 20.4485510 subj14 item13 Fast ## 639 18.6051055 subj14 item15 Fast ## 641 40.9530716 subj14 item17 Fast ## 643 33.8449265 subj14 item19 Fast ## 645 50.6097123 subj14 item21 Fast ## 647 40.8544221 subj14 item23 Fast ## 649 52.6594083 subj14 item25 Fast ## 651 47.0161136 subj14 item27 Fast ## 653 21.5927652 subj14 item29 Fast ## 655 40.2634141 subj14 item31 Fast ## 657 50.7768372 subj14 item33 Fast ## 659 43.3550260 subj14 item35 Fast ## 661 48.5795664 subj14 item37 Fast ## 663 25.0777667 subj14 item39 Fast ## 665 38.4357988 subj14 item41 Fast ## 667 31.3614640 subj14 item43 Fast ## 669 54.8905171 subj14 item45 Fast ## 671 14.4715103 subj14 item47 Fast ## 674 26.6319559 subj15 item2 Fast ## 676 16.5180442 subj15 item4 Fast ## 678 46.6384490 subj15 item6 Fast ## 680 20.7222607 subj15 item8 Fast ## 682 37.5523209 subj15 item10 Fast ## 684 37.0974938 subj15 item12 Fast ## 686 16.8552564 subj15 item14 Fast ## 688 39.5594628 subj15 item16 Fast ## 690 27.1664136 subj15 item18 Fast ## 692 30.1217616 subj15 item20 Fast ## 694 14.1680239 subj15 item22 Fast ## 696 47.5012935 subj15 item24 Fast ## 698 18.0984175 subj15 item26 Fast ## 700 23.9970394 subj15 item28 Fast ## 702 20.1154454 subj15 item30 Fast ## 704 33.7442017 subj15 item32 Fast ## 706 51.1595140 subj15 item34 Fast ## 708 29.8798646 subj15 item36 Fast ## 710 17.9387563 subj15 item38 Fast ## 712 32.9301721 subj15 item40 Fast ## 714 27.5861650 subj15 item42 Fast ## 716 30.3154496 subj15 item44 Fast ## 718 42.2058889 subj15 item46 Fast ## 720 12.6645048 subj15 item48 Fast ## 721 29.7487241 subj16 item1 Fast ## 723 25.5733775 subj16 item3 Fast ## 725 31.1931763 subj16 item5 Fast ## 727 21.5427483 subj16 item7 Fast ## 729 25.5646204 subj16 item9 Fast ## 731 37.3077636 subj16 item11 Fast ## 733 15.2930884 subj16 item13 Fast ## 735 8.4375858 subj16 item15 Fast ## 737 27.3153600 subj16 item17 Fast ## 739 31.5051756 subj16 item19 Fast ## 741 26.0692423 subj16 item21 Fast ## 743 27.5941156 subj16 item23 Fast ## 745 35.5765132 subj16 item25 Fast ## 747 28.0862578 subj16 item27 Fast ## 749 6.6778421 subj16 item29 Fast ## 751 46.3367636 subj16 item31 Fast ## 753 34.5695279 subj16 item33 Fast ## 755 14.2906657 subj16 item35 Fast ## 757 38.5986298 subj16 item37 Fast ## 759 20.8319451 subj16 item39 Fast ## 761 24.1136994 subj16 item41 Fast ## 763 21.8425265 subj16 item43 Fast ## 765 18.0894962 subj16 item45 Fast ## 767 21.2075095 subj16 item47 Fast ## 770 41.7990202 subj17 item2 Fast ## 772 21.5395982 subj17 item4 Fast ## 774 33.3853356 subj17 item6 Fast ## 776 36.7321996 subj17 item8 Fast ## 778 29.0860730 subj17 item10 Fast ## 780 23.3821211 subj17 item12 Fast ## 782 44.3374956 subj17 item14 Fast ## 784 44.2112530 subj17 item16 Fast ## 786 50.6693898 subj17 item18 Fast ## 788 34.6491376 subj17 item20 Fast ## 790 26.3409122 subj17 item22 Fast ## 792 28.2777969 subj17 item24 Fast ## 794 32.8018945 subj17 item26 Fast ## 796 33.6122921 subj17 item28 Fast ## 798 25.7379850 subj17 item30 Fast ## 800 20.2967946 subj17 item32 Fast ## 802 34.2518383 subj17 item34 Fast ## 804 39.8629731 subj17 item36 Fast ## 806 20.5150146 subj17 item38 Fast ## 808 21.6190719 subj17 item40 Fast ## 810 32.4046675 subj17 item42 Fast ## 812 35.0538840 subj17 item44 Fast ## 814 33.5208532 subj17 item46 Fast ## 816 25.6307210 subj17 item48 Fast ## 817 28.2917397 subj18 item1 Fast ## 819 21.5977184 subj18 item3 Fast ## 821 31.7632619 subj18 item5 Fast ## 823 39.9850026 subj18 item7 Fast ## 825 27.5121103 subj18 item9 Fast ## 827 23.2147363 subj18 item11 Fast ## 829 4.7033765 subj18 item13 Fast ## 831 29.1530816 subj18 item15 Fast ## 833 26.2507557 subj18 item17 Fast ## 835 24.3991711 subj18 item19 Fast ## 837 22.3280588 subj18 item21 Fast ## 839 34.3160442 subj18 item23 Fast ## 841 25.8685855 subj18 item25 Fast ## 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1495 25.0300113 subj32 item7 Fast ## 1497 18.2033407 subj32 item9 Fast ## 1499 32.8742076 subj32 item11 Fast ## 1501 18.4920215 subj32 item13 Fast ## 1503 17.4502125 subj32 item15 Fast ## 1505 22.8170980 subj32 item17 Fast ## 1507 23.2253390 subj32 item19 Fast ## 1509 13.7755411 subj32 item21 Fast ## 1511 25.9148312 subj32 item23 Fast ## 1513 38.2842595 subj32 item25 Fast ## 1515 13.8615955 subj32 item27 Fast ## 1517 0.3133097 subj32 item29 Fast ## 1519 22.5048885 subj32 item31 Fast ## 1521 22.0883593 subj32 item33 Fast ## 1523 32.8439329 subj32 item35 Fast ## 1525 33.9410369 subj32 item37 Fast ## 1527 20.9347967 subj32 item39 Fast ## 1529 28.6623270 subj32 item41 Fast ## 1531 13.0352506 subj32 item43 Fast ## 1533 13.2996935 subj32 item45 Fast ## 1535 5.1256393 subj32 item47 Fast ## 1538 32.0686475 subj33 item2 Fast ## 1540 30.4192031 subj33 item4 Fast ## 1542 30.0680446 subj33 item6 Fast ## 1544 24.5226565 subj33 item8 Fast ## 1546 42.5457748 subj33 item10 Fast ## 1548 36.5127099 subj33 item12 Fast ## 1550 25.0241831 subj33 item14 Fast ## 1552 33.3715706 subj33 item16 Fast ## 1554 22.1222305 subj33 item18 Fast ## 1556 35.5634816 subj33 item20 Fast ## 1558 18.1809354 subj33 item22 Fast ## 1560 23.5367501 subj33 item24 Fast ## 1562 34.1675805 subj33 item26 Fast ## 1564 38.4970667 subj33 item28 Fast ## 1566 3.5625383 subj33 item30 Fast ## 1568 24.0955076 subj33 item32 Fast ## 1570 36.7786498 subj33 item34 Fast ## 1572 32.8672446 subj33 item36 Fast ## 1574 32.0780025 subj33 item38 Fast ## 1576 26.2818290 subj33 item40 Fast ## 1578 21.7629540 subj33 item42 Fast ## 1580 26.8405159 subj33 item44 Fast ## 1582 32.2674518 subj33 item46 Fast ## 1584 11.0535228 subj33 item48 Fast ## 1585 37.3246812 subj34 item1 Fast ## 1587 20.0034193 subj34 item3 Fast ## 1589 51.1289552 subj34 item5 Fast ## 1591 30.5840206 subj34 item7 Fast ## 1593 15.0647024 subj34 item9 Fast ## 1595 35.0689253 subj34 item11 Fast ## 1597 12.2252619 subj34 item13 Fast ## 1599 19.6739481 subj34 item15 Fast ## 1601 29.5998237 subj34 item17 Fast ## 1603 26.2424391 subj34 item19 Fast ## 1605 31.8424049 subj34 item21 Fast ## 1607 27.0111829 subj34 item23 Fast ## 1609 37.3782004 subj34 item25 Fast ## 1611 22.9227101 subj34 item27 Fast ## 1613 22.3905835 subj34 item29 Fast ## 1615 9.6329457 subj34 item31 Fast ## 1617 52.3399954 subj34 item33 Fast ## 1619 39.8148985 subj34 item35 Fast ## 1621 32.9891814 subj34 item37 Fast ## 1623 36.2269549 subj34 item39 Fast ## 1625 28.9871068 subj34 item41 Fast ## 1627 14.1228741 subj34 item43 Fast ## 1629 37.5212322 subj34 item45 Fast ## 1631 16.9599774 subj34 item47 Fast ## 1634 35.1112023 subj35 item2 Fast ## 1636 15.2693492 subj35 item4 Fast ## 1638 29.5835392 subj35 item6 Fast ## 1640 43.6473200 subj35 item8 Fast ## 1642 27.6206750 subj35 item10 Fast ## 1644 31.4885580 subj35 item12 Fast ## 1646 21.0224831 subj35 item14 Fast ## 1648 19.1497965 subj35 item16 Fast ## 1650 12.4903371 subj35 item18 Fast ## 1652 27.5795953 subj35 item20 Fast ## 1654 33.8790793 subj35 item22 Fast ## 1656 28.0324475 subj35 item24 Fast ## 1658 25.7280410 subj35 item26 Fast ## 1660 19.8101443 subj35 item28 Fast ## 1662 24.9823073 subj35 item30 Fast ## 1664 42.6958886 subj35 item32 Fast ## 1666 38.5025818 subj35 item34 Fast ## 1668 44.4801075 subj35 item36 Fast ## 1670 16.4304317 subj35 item38 Fast ## 1672 25.8874463 subj35 item40 Fast ## 1674 23.5713138 subj35 item42 Fast ## 1676 32.8906787 subj35 item44 Fast ## 1678 45.4566537 subj35 item46 Fast ## 1680 37.2268242 subj35 item48 Fast ## 1681 34.3224088 subj36 item1 Fast ## 1683 29.5032605 subj36 item3 Fast ## 1685 53.3932454 subj36 item5 Fast ## 1687 41.9829174 subj36 item7 Fast ## 1689 48.4063524 subj36 item9 Fast ## 1691 30.4163548 subj36 item11 Fast ## 1693 32.9865671 subj36 item13 Fast ## 1695 29.5740614 subj36 item15 Fast ## 1697 42.6535914 subj36 item17 Fast ## 1699 24.9212176 subj36 item19 Fast ## 1701 35.9962881 subj36 item21 Fast ## 1703 34.5547910 subj36 item23 Fast ## 1705 45.4482324 subj36 item25 Fast ## 1707 28.8499560 subj36 item27 Fast ## 1709 19.0037526 subj36 item29 Fast ## 1711 47.6493094 subj36 item31 Fast ## 1713 42.5319921 subj36 item33 Fast ## 1715 38.1538149 subj36 item35 Fast ## 1717 50.9439608 subj36 item37 Fast ## 1719 43.3142575 subj36 item39 Fast ## 1721 37.6941682 subj36 item41 Fast ## 1723 24.9772465 subj36 item43 Fast ## 1725 34.3254338 subj36 item45 Fast ## 1727 18.8095329 subj36 item47 Fast ## 1730 29.5018189 subj37 item2 Fast ## 1732 18.5373112 subj37 item4 Fast ## 1734 36.0551952 subj37 item6 Fast ## 1736 23.8551781 subj37 item8 Fast ## 1738 46.0816395 subj37 item10 Fast ## 1740 20.6171520 subj37 item12 Fast ## 1742 26.7778075 subj37 item14 Fast ## 1744 44.4493914 subj37 item16 Fast ## 1746 32.0027823 subj37 item18 Fast ## 1748 21.4706628 subj37 item20 Fast ## 1750 33.8220936 subj37 item22 Fast ## 1752 22.9614739 subj37 item24 Fast ## 1754 38.0883532 subj37 item26 Fast ## 1756 30.0252859 subj37 item28 Fast ## 1758 3.0910899 subj37 item30 Fast ## 1760 15.9693506 subj37 item32 Fast ## 1762 40.0713579 subj37 item34 Fast ## 1764 30.2842399 subj37 item36 Fast ## 1766 32.7790525 subj37 item38 Fast ## 1768 20.3892453 subj37 item40 Fast ## 1770 30.9104968 subj37 item42 Fast ## 1772 28.8872640 subj37 item44 Fast ## 1774 44.5194542 subj37 item46 Fast ## 1776 18.2482163 subj37 item48 Fast ## 1777 38.9434757 subj38 item1 Fast ## 1779 43.6332993 subj38 item3 Fast ## 1781 40.5135269 subj38 item5 Fast ## 1783 19.3641427 subj38 item7 Fast ## 1785 21.0947847 subj38 item9 Fast ## 1787 26.6268775 subj38 item11 Fast ## 1789 9.4365405 subj38 item13 Fast ## 1791 8.7410561 subj38 item15 Fast ## 1793 32.9586871 subj38 item17 Fast ## 1795 54.8728592 subj38 item19 Fast ## 1797 23.7032427 subj38 item21 Fast ## 1799 27.9077207 subj38 item23 Fast ## 1801 46.3788979 subj38 item25 Fast ## 1803 13.5273445 subj38 item27 Fast ## 1805 15.3245871 subj38 item29 Fast ## 1807 28.8221376 subj38 item31 Fast ## 1809 28.1753381 subj38 item33 Fast ## 1811 24.5079903 subj38 item35 Fast ## 1813 50.8704913 subj38 item37 Fast ## 1815 15.8379677 subj38 item39 Fast ## 1817 40.8744882 subj38 item41 Fast ## 1819 19.3192343 subj38 item43 Fast ## 1821 24.8290283 subj38 item45 Fast ## 1823 14.9609994 subj38 item47 Fast ## 1826 17.6861291 subj39 item2 Fast ## 1828 22.1522710 subj39 item4 Fast ## 1830 36.0280992 subj39 item6 Fast ## 1832 28.9725498 subj39 item8 Fast ## 1834 35.2129034 subj39 item10 Fast ## 1836 24.6921101 subj39 item12 Fast ## 1838 22.0850305 subj39 item14 Fast ## 1840 23.0626664 subj39 item16 Fast ## 1842 23.8257381 subj39 item18 Fast ## 1844 30.4847716 subj39 item20 Fast ## 1846 14.1254798 subj39 item22 Fast ## 1848 28.5962273 subj39 item24 Fast ## 1850 30.8299210 subj39 item26 Fast ## 1852 23.1643009 subj39 item28 Fast ## 1854 22.8389451 subj39 item30 Fast ## 1856 27.1327217 subj39 item32 Fast ## 1858 33.1929936 subj39 item34 Fast ## 1860 32.3496042 subj39 item36 Fast ## 1862 35.9951553 subj39 item38 Fast ## 1864 28.2086841 subj39 item40 Fast ## 1866 20.1004248 subj39 item42 Fast ## 1868 34.7364173 subj39 item44 Fast ## 1870 46.5593697 subj39 item46 Fast ## 1872 24.2407838 subj39 item48 Fast ## 1873 23.8467025 subj40 item1 Fast ## 1875 32.6537367 subj40 item3 Fast ## 1877 44.4885490 subj40 item5 Fast ## 1879 36.7616674 subj40 item7 Fast ## 1881 35.1322184 subj40 item9 Fast ## 1883 14.7527398 subj40 item11 Fast ## 1885 26.8713006 subj40 item13 Fast ## 1887 27.2368275 subj40 item15 Fast ## 1889 48.3640344 subj40 item17 Fast ## 1891 45.6400772 subj40 item19 Fast ## 1893 29.6963594 subj40 item21 Fast ## 1895 32.8091400 subj40 item23 Fast ## 1897 41.8395542 subj40 item25 Fast ## 1899 47.4266093 subj40 item27 Fast ## 1901 17.7979641 subj40 item29 Fast ## 1903 42.4579294 subj40 item31 Fast ## 1905 45.2648758 subj40 item33 Fast ## 1907 30.7879707 subj40 item35 Fast ## 1909 36.2297577 subj40 item37 Fast ## 1911 17.6320705 subj40 item39 Fast ## 1913 34.0361270 subj40 item41 Fast ## 1915 27.5696551 subj40 item43 Fast ## 1917 37.1656295 subj40 item45 Fast ## 1919 20.3792918 subj40 item47 Fast ## 1922 27.2386425 subj41 item2 Fast ## 1924 -2.6405702 subj41 item4 Fast ## 1926 41.1121914 subj41 item6 Fast ## 1928 14.4679563 subj41 item8 Fast ## 1930 19.9592747 subj41 item10 Fast ## 1932 34.8328033 subj41 item12 Fast ## 1934 14.3492343 subj41 item14 Fast ## 1936 35.5805132 subj41 item16 Fast ## 1938 24.7712827 subj41 item18 Fast ## 1940 33.0904333 subj41 item20 Fast ## 1942 15.1378433 subj41 item22 Fast ## 1944 11.0357971 subj41 item24 Fast ## 1946 16.2643764 subj41 item26 Fast ## 1948 24.8526776 subj41 item28 Fast ## 1950 20.2443177 subj41 item30 Fast ## 1952 25.1099075 subj41 item32 Fast ## 1954 35.2326599 subj41 item34 Fast ## 1956 39.1309401 subj41 item36 Fast ## 1958 11.5240763 subj41 item38 Fast ## 1960 20.2072879 subj41 item40 Fast ## 1962 28.2955360 subj41 item42 Fast ## 1964 29.4320310 subj41 item44 Fast ## 1966 38.8466417 subj41 item46 Fast ## 1968 18.4416454 subj41 item48 Fast ## 1969 31.9187503 subj42 item1 Fast ## 1971 16.9005853 subj42 item3 Fast ## 1973 36.8502491 subj42 item5 Fast ## 1975 36.0866156 subj42 item7 Fast ## 1977 32.8564448 subj42 item9 Fast ## 1979 32.1450830 subj42 item11 Fast ## 1981 23.3102180 subj42 item13 Fast ## 1983 13.6707902 subj42 item15 Fast ## 1985 34.3089809 subj42 item17 Fast ## 1987 25.6408696 subj42 item19 Fast ## 1989 30.8855847 subj42 item21 Fast ## 1991 43.5634178 subj42 item23 Fast ## 1993 17.6455607 subj42 item25 Fast ## 1995 27.3348963 subj42 item27 Fast ## 1997 16.8609255 subj42 item29 Fast ## 1999 32.6613305 subj42 item31 Fast ## 2001 45.7474358 subj42 item33 Fast ## 2003 35.9174429 subj42 item35 Fast ## 2005 34.6730007 subj42 item37 Fast ## 2007 18.5995947 subj42 item39 Fast ## 2009 42.1578329 subj42 item41 Fast ## 2011 17.5943085 subj42 item43 Fast ## 2013 37.1168327 subj42 item45 Fast ## 2015 26.9330195 subj42 item47 Fast ## 2018 30.2324184 subj43 item2 Fast ## 2020 17.7898245 subj43 item4 Fast ## 2022 35.1570903 subj43 item6 Fast ## 2024 24.4178847 subj43 item8 Fast ## 2026 30.8865206 subj43 item10 Fast ## 2028 35.7594334 subj43 item12 Fast ## 2030 27.9797114 subj43 item14 Fast ## 2032 31.8338472 subj43 item16 Fast ## 2034 31.4548309 subj43 item18 Fast ## 2036 30.4598953 subj43 item20 Fast ## 2038 44.2248950 subj43 item22 Fast ## 2040 27.6872032 subj43 item24 Fast ## 2042 15.4042881 subj43 item26 Fast ## 2044 35.4393990 subj43 item28 Fast ## 2046 28.1889415 subj43 item30 Fast ## 2048 24.0769111 subj43 item32 Fast ## 2050 26.9726672 subj43 item34 Fast ## 2052 24.8310572 subj43 item36 Fast ## 2054 43.7642575 subj43 item38 Fast ## 2056 20.0067910 subj43 item40 Fast ## 2058 30.9538917 subj43 item42 Fast ## 2060 30.7284403 subj43 item44 Fast ## 2062 42.0046518 subj43 item46 Fast ## 2064 20.0779636 subj43 item48 Fast ## 2065 45.8627204 subj44 item1 Fast ## 2067 29.2078560 subj44 item3 Fast ## 2069 54.1858506 subj44 item5 Fast ## 2071 17.1598325 subj44 item7 Fast ## 2073 44.8146835 subj44 item9 Fast ## 2075 25.4783809 subj44 item11 Fast ## 2077 25.6168907 subj44 item13 Fast ## 2079 35.1834169 subj44 item15 Fast ## 2081 46.7898592 subj44 item17 Fast ## 2083 34.9901644 subj44 item19 Fast ## 2085 32.0703569 subj44 item21 Fast ## 2087 30.4407743 subj44 item23 Fast ## 2089 49.2123430 subj44 item25 Fast ## 2091 36.8078310 subj44 item27 Fast ## 2093 13.8481584 subj44 item29 Fast ## 2095 38.9649507 subj44 item31 Fast ## 2097 41.6562410 subj44 item33 Fast ## 2099 48.8887187 subj44 item35 Fast ## 2101 50.0916430 subj44 item37 Fast ## 2103 35.0659161 subj44 item39 Fast ## 2105 35.2623560 subj44 item41 Fast ## 2107 32.7838509 subj44 item43 Fast ## 2109 26.7482496 subj44 item45 Fast ## 2111 24.0398871 subj44 item47 Fast ## 2114 31.4253407 subj45 item2 Fast ## 2116 15.3074343 subj45 item4 Fast ## 2118 38.8729819 subj45 item6 Fast ## 2120 43.3193699 subj45 item8 Fast ## 2122 33.5179986 subj45 item10 Fast ## 2124 35.0986932 subj45 item12 Fast ## 2126 17.7345160 subj45 item14 Fast ## 2128 34.1863246 subj45 item16 Fast ## 2130 23.0452545 subj45 item18 Fast ## 2132 31.4608783 subj45 item20 Fast ## 2134 21.6887699 subj45 item22 Fast ## 2136 27.4431842 subj45 item24 Fast ## 2138 37.9579933 subj45 item26 Fast ## 2140 36.5816890 subj45 item28 Fast ## 2142 24.6584695 subj45 item30 Fast ## 2144 35.2800369 subj45 item32 Fast ## 2146 31.1483373 subj45 item34 Fast ## 2148 24.4042133 subj45 item36 Fast ## 2150 35.8223470 subj45 item38 Fast ## 2152 5.8657245 subj45 item40 Fast ## 2154 29.8173336 subj45 item42 Fast ## 2156 18.8499116 subj45 item44 Fast ## 2158 32.3473326 subj45 item46 Fast ## 2160 14.8714704 subj45 item48 Fast ## 2161 31.5091138 subj46 item1 Fast ## 2163 49.1860198 subj46 item3 Fast ## 2165 48.6001874 subj46 item5 Fast ## 2167 40.7062983 subj46 item7 Fast ## 2169 36.8891372 subj46 item9 Fast ## 2171 41.4965246 subj46 item11 Fast ## 2173 14.2369104 subj46 item13 Fast ## 2175 21.3739440 subj46 item15 Fast ## 2177 47.5224402 subj46 item17 Fast ## 2179 26.7114178 subj46 item19 Fast ## 2181 49.4516006 subj46 item21 Fast ## 2183 31.7621753 subj46 item23 Fast ## 2185 41.6146238 subj46 item25 Fast ## 2187 25.1278764 subj46 item27 Fast ## 2189 30.4363700 subj46 item29 Fast ## 2191 34.7900405 subj46 item31 Fast ## 2193 51.5826383 subj46 item33 Fast ## 2195 38.3543394 subj46 item35 Fast ## 2197 64.3938996 subj46 item37 Fast ## 2199 41.3891456 subj46 item39 Fast ## 2201 42.4467040 subj46 item41 Fast ## 2203 27.1507827 subj46 item43 Fast ## 2205 19.8466204 subj46 item45 Fast ## 2207 26.9730248 subj46 item47 Fast ## 2210 34.0930314 subj47 item2 Fast ## 2212 23.2771781 subj47 item4 Fast ## 2214 31.0116393 subj47 item6 Fast ## 2216 15.3680023 subj47 item8 Fast ## 2218 40.2423112 subj47 item10 Fast ## 2220 29.3251567 subj47 item12 Fast ## 2222 37.4419171 subj47 item14 Fast ## 2224 36.3116080 subj47 item16 Fast ## 2226 24.7328672 subj47 item18 Fast ## 2228 29.5092091 subj47 item20 Fast ## 2230 33.3570588 subj47 item22 Fast ## 2232 43.1240986 subj47 item24 Fast ## 2234 18.9981360 subj47 item26 Fast ## 2236 42.7849996 subj47 item28 Fast ## 2238 26.1800121 subj47 item30 Fast ## 2240 28.0043117 subj47 item32 Fast ## 2242 39.8343780 subj47 item34 Fast ## 2244 32.3005631 subj47 item36 Fast ## 2246 20.3390801 subj47 item38 Fast ## 2248 16.9638306 subj47 item40 Fast ## 2250 32.0269211 subj47 item42 Fast ## 2252 11.4996289 subj47 item44 Fast ## 2254 43.1572382 subj47 item46 Fast ## 2256 8.5504593 subj47 item48 Fast ## 2257 25.9828082 subj48 item1 Fast ## 2259 17.0512401 subj48 item3 Fast ## 2261 28.6968239 subj48 item5 Fast ## 2263 20.5069729 subj48 item7 Fast ## 2265 20.6526363 subj48 item9 Fast ## 2267 15.6773027 subj48 item11 Fast ## 2269 16.0045289 subj48 item13 Fast ## 2271 15.7180641 subj48 item15 Fast ## 2273 19.1758697 subj48 item17 Fast ## 2275 23.6661886 subj48 item19 Fast ## 2277 25.7492534 subj48 item21 Fast ## 2279 12.4980301 subj48 item23 Fast ## 2281 19.5647234 subj48 item25 Fast ## 2283 14.8144273 subj48 item27 Fast ## 2285 3.4446468 subj48 item29 Fast ## 2287 21.1210974 subj48 item31 Fast ## 2289 27.1370678 subj48 item33 Fast ## 2291 21.7887120 subj48 item35 Fast ## 2293 29.6468192 subj48 item37 Fast ## 2295 -0.5659601 subj48 item39 Fast ## 2297 18.4791899 subj48 item41 Fast ## 2299 20.0346876 subj48 item43 Fast ## 2301 17.7856395 subj48 item45 Fast ## 2303 15.0659636 subj48 item47 Fast
Looking at data
Using the pipe %>% to combine functions
my_data %>% first_do(args) %>% then_do(args)
my_data %>% subset(Condition=="Fast") %>% head()
## VOT Participant Item Condition ## 2 39.11875 subj1 item2 Fast ## 4 30.46931 subj1 item4 Fast ## 6 37.17107 subj1 item6 Fast ## 8 46.98071 subj1 item8 Fast ## 10 28.47370 subj1 item10 Fast ## 12 38.35844 subj1 item12 Fast
Tidyverse
“The tidyverse is an opinionated collection of R packages designed for data science. All packages share an underlying design philosophy, grammar, and data structures.” www.tidyverse.org
- Changed the game of R coding
- Much more intuitive syntax (IMHO); more “english-like”
- BUT not everyone likes it. Sometimes makes things easier, sometimes makes things more complicated.
- We’ll be using both
- Core packages of the tidyverse: ggplot2, dplyr, tidyr, readr, stringr…
Tidy data & the Tidyverse
“the pipe is syntactic sugar”
Disclaimer
- We will cover both base R and the Tidyverse
Getting started: R Projects
Application
Open 1_prep_data.R from today’s materials.
Rmarkdown
RStudio’s “What is R Markdown” Video
The goal of today’s workshop is to establish a workflow for using the rmarkdown package to “knit” together R code and text to create summary documents.
It might seem kind of odd to launch into a workflow that ties together R code and other stuff before we’ve actually had a chance to learn any R code, but here’s the rationale:
- 🛠 Foundational skill: R Markdown document creations can serve as a way to document the rest of our skills. At each workshop, we’ll create another R Markdown document (extension .
Rmd) to log the skills we worked on and any notes you’d like to keep for yourself. In this way, this skill is foundational. - 🙌 Instant gratification! R Markdown documents can be rendered without much working knowledge of R at all. It’s a lovely thing when you can get something up and running RIGHT AWAY
Markdown
Markdown refers to a set of conventions for editing plain text. With markdown syntax, you write as you normally would in a text editor or word processor, but you signal text formatting with certain characters. Markdown (which is distinguished from markUP language) is designed to be easily readable, easy to write, and easy to learn.
*italic* **bold** **italic and bold!*** # First level header ## Second level header ## Third level header 1. the first item on a numbered list 2. the second item on a numbered list - the first item on a bulleted list - the second item on a bulleted list - item 2a Tables look like this: First Header | Second Header ------------- | ------------- Content Cell | Content Cell Content Cell | Content Cell
Code chunks
More advanced
- inline R code
Getting unstuck
- Google your errors!
- Google “how to use XX package in r”
- Search Twitter (#rstats)